Castable refractories containing calcium aluminate cement (CAC) are used ubiquitously in a range of furnace lining applications in the iron and steel, cement, glass, ceramic, and petrochemical industries. This review outlines their development from conventional high cement materials, through low cement and ultra-low cement castables to the present materials which may be entirely free of CAC. Castables are defined in terms of both CaO content and installation procedure. Production routes, compositions, and microstructural evolution on hydration, setting, dehydration, and firing are described for pure CACs and castable 1 Typical powder processed refractory refractories. The development of the low cement microstructure systems is discussed in terms of particle packing, dispersion, and rheology highlighting the influence of colloidal matrix additions of silica and alumina. calcined bauxite, and sintered MgO while bonding Recent developments including cement free, selfsystems may be based on carbon derived from pyroflowing, shotcreting, and basic castables are lysed pitches and phenolic resins, mullite and glass described and the potential for carbon-containing from decomposed clays, or alumina and calcium systems evaluated. IMR/368 aluminate phases formed from fired hydraulic calcium aluminate cements (CACs). The most significant trend

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New carbon‐bonded filters with coatings based on calcium aluminates are developed. The samples are tested for 10 s in contact with a steel melt containing endogenous inclusions at 1650 °C, in order to explore the behavior and impact of these materials on the filtration process. Investigation of the filters after the test is carried out by optical and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, steel samples are analyzed with a special automatic SEM. The population of the detected inclusions is classified in terms of size and chemistry. Both compositions deliver excellent filtration results.

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