SUMMARYA computational procedure is presented for solving complex variably saturated ows in porous media, that may easily be implemented into existing conventional ÿnite-volume-based computational uid dynamics codes, so that their functionality might be geared upon to readily enable the modelling of a complex suite of interacting uid, thermal and chemical reaction process physics. This procedure has been integrated within a multi-physics ÿnite volume unstructured mesh framework, allowing arbitrarily complex three-dimensional geometries to be modelled. The model is particularly targeted at ore heap-leaching processes, which encounter complex ow problems, such as inÿltration into dry soil, drainage, perched water tables and ow through heterogeneous materials, but is equally applicable to any process involving ow through porous media, such as in environmental recovery processes. The computational procedure is based on the mixed form of the classical Richards equation, employing an adaptive transformed mixed algorithm that is numerically robust and signiÿcantly reduces compute (or CPU) time. The computational procedure is accurate (compares well with other methods and analytical data), comprehensive (representing any kind of porous ow model), and is computationally e cient. As such, this procedure provides a suitable basis for the implementation of large-scale industrial heap-leach models.

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Previous research has established the importance of gender boundaries as a normative aspect of development in middle childhood. Here, the nature and importance of gender boundaries as an individual differences construct was explored. Ratings of gender boundary violation and gender boundary maintenance were made of 47 10-11-year-old children participating in a series of summer day camps. These ratings were supported by videotape-based behavior codings of gender boundary violating behaviors and by live observations of sheer number of associations with members of the opposite gender. In addition, considerable external validation of these individual differences was obtained. Children low on gender boundary violation and (especially) children high on boundary maintenance were independently judged by camp counselors to be socially competent. They also were found to be higher on a friendship variable, based on observation. Those who violated boundaries were especially unpopular with peers, based on a child interview. Finally, boundary violation and maintenance were related to attachment history and to early measures of parent-child generational boundary distortions.