No abstract

Organic acids could improve the phosphorus (P) availability through enhancing the release of inorganic phosphorus (P_i) in the soil. However, the effects of organic acids on the P_i release are still poorly understood, especially from soils with different organic matter contents. Here, a biochemically produced humic acid and P fertiliser were added to the soil to modify the content of the soil organic matter (SOM) and soil P, respectively. And then the soil samples were incubated at 25 °C for 30 days. The release of P_i fractions (such as H₂O-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i, NaOH-P_i, HCl-P_i, and Residual-P) from the soils with different organic matter contents in the presence of citric, oxalic, and malic acids was evaluated using a sequential chemical fractionation method. The results showed that the release of the NaHCO₃-P_i, NaOH-P_i, and HCl-P_i fractions also showed a decreasing trend with an increasing content of soil organic matter, and more NaOH-P_i than the other P_i fractions was generally released in the presence of organic acids. Considering the types of organic acids, oxalic acid and malic acid most effectively and least effectively released P_i, respectively. The path analysis indicated that the NaOH-P_i release had the highest direct and indirect effects on the total inorganic P (TP_i) release. NaOH-P_i was, therefore, the most effective source of P_i in the Mollisols.

No abstract

A prospective observational study collected temperature data from 51 patients in 11 neurosurgical centers and follow-up outcome information at 6 months in 49 patients. Brain temperature (T) was measured directly by an intraventricular temperature sensor. Axillary temperature (T) and rectal temperature (T) were measured by electric thermometers. T was 0.4 to 1.5°C higher than body temperature. T correlated well with the T (coefficient: 0.7378; p < 0.05). Among all patients, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores on admission were significantly lower in the patients with post-operatively extreme peak temperature (T, < 37°C or >39°C in first 24 h) and major temperature variation (T > 1°C in first 12 h; p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Among the patients with no temperature intervention, the extreme T group showed a lower Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) score at 6 months (p < 0.05) with lower GCS scores on admission (p < 0.01), compared with the moderate T group. Remarkably, the major T group showed significantly lower GOS-E scores (p < 0.05) with the same GCS scores as the minor T group. Thus, T is the better candidate to estimate T. Spontaneously extreme T in TBI represents both more serious injury on admission and worse prognosis, and T might be used as a novel prognostic parameter in TBI. Brain temperature is therefore one of the critical indicators evaluating injury severity, prognostication, and monitoring in the management of TBI. This prospective observational study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov ( https://clinicaltrials.gov ), and the registration number is NCT03068143.