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This paper aims to systematically investigate the impacts of strengthening intellectual property rights on patenting in China's high‐technology industries and to explore the potential differences in response to patent reform by ownership. Empirical results show that the estimated patent elasticity of R&D is lower than that for OECD countries, indicating relatively low R&D productivity for China's high‐technology industries. The direct innovation effect of technology imports is negative, while the absorptive ability embodied in R&D helps in gaining external sources of knowledge, thus contributing to innovations. Specifically, strengthening intellectual property rights can induce more innovations in terms of patents in China's high‐technology industries and is particularly relevant to foreign‐owned high‐technology enterprises.

This article aims to test Sutton's 'lower bounds' approach on the analysis of market concentration in a small open economy like Taiwan. Exporting, which is important to a small open economy, is also considered in order to investigate the role of foreign competition on the market structure. Using a stochastic frontier approach, the estimate findings are in accordance with Sutton's predictions, whereby the lower bounds for high advertising and/or R&D-intensive industries are higher than those for low advertising and/or R&D-intensive industries in Taiwan. At the same time, the lower bounds of concentrations for export-intensive industries do not differ significantly from that of nonexport-intensive industries. The deviations from the lower bound are explained by industry characteristics such as the cost disadvantage ratio, the share of small and median-size enterprises, turnover rate and growth rate.