We demonstrate a simple-to-fabricate refractometer based on the inscription of fiber Bragg gratings in a special C-shaped optical fiber. The C-shaped fiber was drawn into shape using a quarter cladding removed preform of a commercial standard single-mode fiber by simple machining. The sensor did not suffer from cross-sensitivity of the refractive index with ambient temperature fluctuations, commonly occurring with many optical fiber refractometers. A refractive index sensitivity of 1300 pm per refractive index unit (RIU) was achieved without employing any additional sensitization techniques such as tapering or etching.
We report an all-solid large mode area (LMA) step-index fiber offering high absorption and low core numerical aperture (NA) by introducing highly Ytterbium-doped P:Al core and Germanium-doped cladding. The fiber provides core absorption of ~1200 dB/m at 976 nm with a low 0.07 core NA thanks to the raised Ge cladding. Furthermore, matched profiles of P and Al across core is successfully obtained with high concentration of Yb2O3 above 0.4 mol%. The fiber characteristics are routinely achievable by the conventional modified chemical vapor deposition with a solution doping technique. Highly efficient laser with >100 W output power, 86% slope efficiency with respect to launched pump power and a mean M 2 of 1.34 has been demonstrated using the fabricated LMA step-index fiber. We also report 80% laser slope efficiency with 58 W output power (pump power limited) within only 0.5 m of the fiber when pumped by a wavelength-stabilized laser diode.
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