Cavitation and hollow structures can be introduced in nanomaterials via the Kirkendall effect in an alloying or reaction system. By introducing dense nanoscale twins into copper nanowires (CuNWs), we change the surface structure and prohibit void formation in oxidation of the nanowires. The nanotwinned CuNW exhibits faceted surfaces of very few atomic steps as well as a very low vacancy generation rate at copper/oxide interfaces. Together they lower the oxidation rate and eliminate void formation at the copper/oxide interface. We propose that the slow reaction rate together with the highly effective vacancy absorption at interfaces leads to a lattice shift in the oxidation reaction. Our findings suggest that the nanoscale Kirkendall effect can be manipulated by controlling the internal and surface crystal defects of nanomaterials.

Changes in the GAG/Hyp ratio of chemically induced degeneration in goat IVD resemble the changes seen in humans. Gene expression profiles match the pattern of degeneration, suggesting that the injection of chondroitinase ABC might mimic the onset of human disc degeneration.

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The introduction of computational software has revolutionized the engineering profession. The increased dependency on this type of software in the engineering profession has proposed an increase in efficiency within the industry. As a result, new challenges are being created within the classrooms to address this desire for knowledge of this new technology. FLUENT is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package to simulate fluid flow problems. It uses the finite-volume method to solve the governing equations for a fluid. It provides the capability to use different physical models such as incompressible or compressible, in viscid or viscous, laminar or turbulent, etc. Geometry and grid generation is done using GAMBIT which is the preprocessor bundled with FLUENT. The FLUENT solver has repeatedly proven to be fast and reliable for a wide range of CFD applications. The speed to solution is faster because the suite of FLUENT enables users to stay within one interface from geometry building through the solution process, to post processing and final output. FLUENT's performance has been tried and proven on a variety of multi-platform clusters. At the undergraduate level, we believe that FLUENT can be integrated into the current mainstream fluid mechanics through examples of fluid mechanics problems solving techniques. Although a degree of uncertainty exists using the software as opposed to actual realworld analysis of the fluid mechanics process, the increased experience in using computational software allows the student to model the real world phenomena both graphically and analytically. In this paper, we will share some experiences and views on teaching and learning fluid mechanics course.

This paper will discuss how engineers can solve computational fluid dynamics (CFD) problems by CFX software. This will introduce the extensive software packages of computational fluid dynamics that allow engineers to construct a geometry and boundary conditions to stimulate a given viscous-flow problem to the software of CFX. CFD is extremely effective software for engineers. The software of computational fluid dynamics grids the flow region and attempts to compute the flow properties at each grid element. Mesh generation and gridding are more refined in modern of CFD. Also, the objective of this system is to show how CFX can solve problems with the interest of potential flow. CFD is the modern digital computer software that can be programmed for the numerical potential flow over hulls of ships, submarines, yachts, and sailboats driven by potential and turbulence flow. CFX will help the computational fluid dynamics software become more accurate at solving the problems dealing with the simulation of impeller and diffusers. The computations used in turbulence formulations are called the k-€ model, popular in commercial CFD codes. The software of CFX will help the CFD have a more qualitative approach in predicting velocity and pressure. The general topic of CFD is essentially for advanced study or professional practice. Engineers can now take advantage of the CFD commercial codes. Also, the CFD program deals with a direct model called the tridiagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA). Flow diagrams, general problems, and typical examples will be included in this paper.