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The electrical and optical properties of transparent and conductive oxide films obtained from a cosputtering system with indium–tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) targets have been investigated. The resistivity of these ITO films deposited at an rf power of 150 W was markedly improved with additional simultaneous ZnO target cosputtering at rf powers ranging from 25 to 200 W. A transparent film of lowest resistivity (3.69×10-4 Ω cm) was achieved at room temperature where the rf powers of the cosputtering for the ITO and ZnO targets were 150 and 75 W, respectively. The average transmittance obtained from these cosputtered films in the visible spectrum was over 80%.

This paper proposes a simple and efficient approach for the optimal dispatch in a medium-voltage microgrid (MG) with various types of distributed generation (DG). The fuel costs generated by these DGs are determined using quadratic and linear functions dependent on the types of DGs. Instead of using the traditional Lagrange multiplier method for power system economic dispatch, the proposed direct search method (DSM) approach is able to handle several inequality constraints without introducing any multipliers and furthermore it can solve the non-derivative problems or the fuel cost functions being much more complicated. Accordingly, the DSM is proposed for determining the optimal dispatch of MGs with various types of DG to minimize generation costs under grid-tied and autonomous operations. Results demonstrate that the proposed DSM is a highly suitable and simple approach to determining the optimal dispatch in medium-voltage MGs with various types of DG.

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