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With great versatile characteristics, micro/nano-bubble related research have attracted much attention due to their extensive applications in the last half century.Researchers not merely focus on their physi-chemical properties, but also aim at their wellcontrolled generation methods and potential adhibition field. It can be expected that the future prospects of micro/nano-bubble related research will be tremendous and that there will be even more to be explored. In this case study, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate micro/nano-bubble related research from 1991 to 2014, based on the Science Citation Index EXPANDED database. The Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology with the highest h-index of 56 is the leading journal in this field, publishing 6.9 % of articles over this period, followed by Langmuir and Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. USA and the Univ Toronto, Canada were the most productive country and institution, respectively, while the USA, was the most internationally collaborative and had the highest hindex (111) of all countries. A new method named ''word cluster analysis'' was successfully applied to trace the research hotspots. Innovation in detection means and novel pathways for medical applications via micro/nano-bubble is considered to relate to the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

An efficient strategy for full mineralization of azo dye in wastewater.

The relationship model between the droplet lifetime and interface properties is established to characterize the stability of oil droplets, and then, the influence of the alkali–surfactant–polymer (ASP) concentration on the lifetime is analyzed by theoretical calculations. The stability dynamic characteristics of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions from ASP flooding were evaluated using the emulsion stability model (Civan model) based on two-phase separation. The effect of ASP on dynamic characteristics of the emulsion was explored by analyzing film strength qualitatively and measuring interfacial tension and ζ potential. The results showed that the Civan model was suitable to evaluate the stability of the O/W emulsion and to obtain the corresponding dynamic characteristics. The O/W emulsions became more stable with the increasing alkali concentration first at a low alkali concentration (c NaOH < 200 mg/L) and then became less stable with the increasing alkali concentration at a high alkali concentration (c NaOH > 200 mg/L). The stabilities of O/W emulsions were improved with the increasing concentrations of the surfactant and polymer. The mechanism of stabilization of the O/W emulsion by ASP is as follows. The surface-active substances formed by the reaction of alkali and acidic substances in the oil phase, together with surfactants, adsorb at the oil–water interface, reducing the interfacial tension and increasing the strength of the oil–water interface film. The polymer only increases the strength of the interface film by increasing the viscoelasticity of the oil–water interface film.