No abstract

A new cyst-forming nematode, Cactodera tianzhuensis n. sp. was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Polygonum viviparum L. in Tianzhu county, China. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by lemon-shaped or rounded cysts that have protruding necks and vulval cones. The vulval cone of the new species appeared to be circumfenestrate without bullae and underbridge, vulval denticle present and anus distinct. Second-stage juveniles are vermiform, stylet well-developed with the rounded stylet knobs to slightly concave anteriorly. Lateral field with four incisures. Tail gradually tapering to a finely rounded terminus with a length of ca 54 (47-59) µm, outline of hyaline portion is V-shaped or U-shaped. Egg shells without visible markings or punctations. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS-rDNA, D2-D3 of 28S-rDNA clearly revealed that the new species formed a separate clade from other Cactodera species, which further support the unique status of C. tianzhuensis n. sp. Therefore, it is described herein as a new species of the genus Cactodera.

A new cyst-forming nematode, Heterodera microulae sp. n., was isolated from the roots and rhizosphere soil of Microula sikkimensis in China. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by lemon-shaped body with an extruded neck and obtuse vulval cone. The vulval cone of the new species appeared to be ambifenestrate without bullae and a weak underbridge. The second-stage juveniles have a longer body length with four lateral lines, strong stylets with rounded and flat stylet knobs, tail with a comparatively longer hyaline area, and a sharp terminus. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS-rDNA, D2-D3 of 28S rDNA, and COI sequences revealed that the new species formed a separate clade from other Heterodera species in Goettingiana group, which further support the unique status of H. microulae sp. n. Therefore, it is described herein as a new species of genus Heterodera; additionally, the present study provided the first record of Goettingiana group in Gansu Province, China.

In November 2019, stem nematode was found on Codonopsis pilosula in Tanchang county, Gansu province, China. The population of stem nematode was identified on the basis of both molecular and morphological methods. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of this nematode population matched with Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945. The sequences of rDNA-ITS and D2/D3 region of 28S-rRNA similarity with the D. destructor . The pathogenicity results revealed the symptom of dry rot on C. pilosula was caused by this nematode. To our knowledge, this is the first report that D. destructor on C. pilosula in China.

In China, chestnut blight usually causes insignificant damage to fruit production of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) and no serious disease epidemics occur, due to the high resistance to Cryphonectria parasitica (Huang et al. 1998). According to recent surveys, chestnut blight was mainly found in sixteen provinces including Shandong, Hebei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Beijing, and Fujian, with severe cases occurring occasionally (Guo et al. 2005). The disease incidence has been aggravated with increasing monoculture of newly improved chestnut cultivars in chestnut-producing areas (Yan et al. 2007), though it was not detected in Gansu Province. In September 2021, some chestnut trees (Castanea seguinii) showing symptoms of crown dieback and diffuse sunken cankers on the trunk with swelled margins and subsequent cracking of the outer bark, were collected in mountains of Hui County in Longnan City, Gansu Province (E 104° 15′ 5.76″ ，N 35° 11′ 30.84″). Symptomatic branches were washed using tap water and dried on sterilized tissue paper. The Junction between diseased and healthy tissue was cut from the bark and sterilized with NaClO (2.5 %) for 2 minutes, then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ℃ for 3 to 4 days. After fungal colonies formed, mycelia were transferred and subcultured onto new PDA media and then purified using single spore culture. After 7 days, colonies turned yellow white. Uninucleate conidia were formed in orange pycnidia and the orange pigments could turn purple if in 2% KOH. Conidia were straight or slightly curved, hyaline, with 2.5-3.5 × 1.2-1.5 μm in size. The characteristics of the culture and morphology were similar with those of C. parasitica (Tziros et al. 2016). Perithecia were not found on culture medium. In accordance with previous findings, the sexual stage of C. parasitica appears on diseased trees in late October. For molecular identification, genomic DNA was extracted from mycelium using a Fungal Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Tsingke Biotech Co. Ltd, Xi’an, China), the ITS region was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (Sorrentino et al. 2019), and the TEF1-α region was amplified with primers TEF-1H/TEF-2T (O’Donnel et al. 1998). Cloning and sequencing of PCR products were carried out by Tsingke Biotech Co. Ltd, Xi’an, China. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS sequence accession number: OM033734, TEF sequence accession number: OM12254). BLAST results revealed that the sequences of ITS and TEF shared identity over 99% with those of C. parasitica strains (GenBank accession number: AY308953, KP524763, KP824756 and KF220299). Based on morphological and molecular characteristic, the fungal isolates were identified as C. parasitica. To verify pathogenicity, thirty 3-year-old chestnut seeding (70 cm high, 1 cm diameter) of Castanea seguinii were used for inoculation. Chestnut branches were wounded (five wounds per sapling) using a hole punch and inoculated with a mycelial plug (5 mm in diameter) from the edge of 7-day-old, actively growing colonies. Pathogen-free PDA plugs were used as controls. To prevent desiccation, inoculated wounds were sealed with parafilm, and saplings were incubated in a greenhouse at 25℃. Each treatment consisted of 5 seedling and the pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. After inoculation for 5 weeks, symptoms of bark cankers were observed on branches similar to those of diseased chestnut trees in the field. Control saplings with sterile PDA discs did not display symptoms. C. parasitica was reisolated from inoculated branches. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. parasitica causing chestnut blight in Gansu Province, one of the few areas in the China thought to be free of the disease. The specimens were found in the westernmost part of the natural distribution of chestnuts in China. There are more than 2.6 million chestnut trees, which constitute one of the most important economic forests in Hui County Gansu Province (Yang et al. 2005). The occurrence of chestnut blight could be a restricting factor for chestnut forests.