Gliomas, including lower-grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma (GBM), account for the vast majority of primary malignant tumors affecting the brain and other parts of the central nervous system (CNS). 1 They have received significant attention because of their dismal prognosis and poor treatment outcomes. In 2021, the WHO released the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5), in which the glioma grading system includes four grades, WHO 1 to 4. 2 Despite the availability of several effective treatments for the disease, including maximum excision of tumor tissue, supplemented with radiotherapy and

<abstract><sec> <title>Background</title> <p>Febrile seizures (FS) frequently manifest in children below 5 years of age. Although the exact etiology is still unknown, genetic predisposition, changes in neurotransmitter levels, and serum electrolyte imbalance are some of the known risk factors. This study examined the possible association between serum magnesium levels in children with FS compared to febrile children without seizures.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>A retrospective case-control study was conducted from February 2019 to January 2021, recruiting 230 age and gender-matched cases and controls (115 each). Extracted data were analyzed using SPSS using an independent student's t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation analysis.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The mean serum magnesium levels were 0.93 ± 0.129 vs 0.97 ± 0.0961; p &lt; 0.001, between cases and controls respectively. Similarly, hypomagnesemia (&lt;0.85 mmol/L) was detected in 26.1% and 8.7% of the cases and controls, respectively; p &lt; 0.001. A significant negative correlation was found between serum magnesium levels and the occurrence of febrile seizures; r = [−0.169], p &lt; 0.05.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Serum magnesium was significantly low in febrile children with seizures compared to those without, and hypomagnesemia was associated with the occurrence of febrile seizures. These results portray hypomagnesemia as a possible risk factor for febrile seizure, and so should be validated in future large cohort studies so that guidelines are set for proper management of these children.</p> </sec></abstract>

Background: Febrile seizures (FS) occur in children aged six to sixty months with a febrile illness not associated with a central nervous system infection or metabolic disorder. Risk factors include; age, history of the disease, certain vaccinations, or iron and zinc deficiencies. Studies show significant hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and hyperkalemia in children with febrile seizures. Similarly, cerebrospinal fluid hyperglycemia is common in febrile convulsions. This study aimed to retrospectively assess the relationship between febrile seizures, and electrolyte & glucose imbalance among children with fever, and also compare the annual trends of febrile seizure-related admissions pre- and post-Covid 19 pandemics. Methods: A case-control study was conducted from January 2018 to January 2022 at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China. 876 children aged 6 to 60 months were divided into 438 cases with febrile seizures (cases) and 438 with fever but without seizures (controls). Serum glucose and electrolyte levels at the time of hospitalization as well as age, gender, birth weight, gestational age, temperature, and causes of fever, in both groups were retrieved, analyzed, and compared. Results: Febrile seizure admissions among children aged 6-60 months were significantly reduced to less than 23.4% during the Covid-19 pandemic. Children with febrile seizures had significantly higher serum glucose levels than those with fever but without seizures (p < 0.05). The serum sodium levels of children with seizures were significantly lower than those without seizures (p < 0.05). Sodium levels were significantly lower among children with complex seizures (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the serum electrolyte levels of potassium and calcium between the cases and controls (p > 0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between serum sodium levels and the occurrence of febrile seizures (r = [0.156]; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study found that admission rates for febrile seizures decreased during Covid-19 and lower sodium levels could be a risk factor for the occurrence of febrile seizures.

Despite the dramatic increase in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) globally, no research has been conducted in Somalia regarding ASD. However, research studies from Somali immigrants (diaspora) living in Sweden, the US, the UK, etc., have been major contributors to the subject of ASD among people of Somali descent. In this review, we aimed to examine ASD among the Somali diaspora community in terms of its prevalence, possible causes, knowledge of the diseases among the diaspora community, and the challenges faced in raising ASD-affected children in a foreign country. These findings create a general picture of the magnitude of the burden of ASD diagnosis and management and the coping mechanisms adopted by the Somali diaspora community, which are vital lessons for policymakers, child health non-governmental organizations, and the professional medical bodies aiming to tackle ASD back home in Somalia. The study found that ASD is three to five times more prevalent among children of Somali descent than their peers from other backgrounds and that Somali children were generally diagnosed much later than their peers and often presented with lower intellectual abilities than their peers. Furthermore, Somali immigrants were found to have low levels of knowledge about autism, faced stigma and discrimination and often resorted to religion and a small tight circle of friends and family for social support. They faced a huge challenge of seeking access to healthcare and schools for their autistic children and have a mistrust of social services for fear of the government taking away their children. These findings raise the possibility that neglected ASD cases may be prevalent in Somalia and thus makes recommendations for future research, social policy development, and early intervention services for individuals with autism in Somalia.

Background Febrile seizures (FS) occur in children aged six to sixty months with a febrile illness not associated with a central nervous system infection or metabolic disorder. Risk factors include; age, history of the disease, certain vaccinations, or iron and zinc de ciencies. Studies show signi cant hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and hyperkalemia in children with febrile seizures. Similarly cerebrospinal uid hyperglycemia is common in febrile convulsions. This study aimed to retrospectively assess the relationship between febrile seizures, and electrolyte & glucose imbalance among children with fever, and also compare the annual trends of febrile seizure-related admissions pre and post Covid 19 pandemic. Methods A case-control study was conducted from January 2018 to January 2022 at