The liner of a carbon fiber fully reinforced composite tank with thermoplastic liner (type IV) works in a hydrogen environment with varying temperature and pressure profiles. The ageing performance of the thermoplastic liner may affect hydrogen permeability and the consequent storage capacity, degrade the mechanical properties, and even increase the leakage risks of type IV tanks. In this paper, both testing procedures and evaluation parameters of an ageing test in a hydrogen environment required in several standards are compared and analyzed. Hydrogen static exposure in a high-temperature condition with a constant temperature and pressure is suggested to be a reasonable way to accelerate the ageing reaction of thermoplastic materials. A total of 192 h is considered a superior ageing test duration to balance the test economy and safety. The ageing test temperature in the high-temperature condition is suggested as no lower than 85 °C, while the upper limit of test pressure is suggested to be 1.25 NWP. In addition, the hydrogen permeation coefficient and mechanical properties are recognized as important parameters in ageing performance evaluation. Considering the actual service conditions, the influence of temperature/pressure cycling, depressurization rate, and humidity on the ageing performance of thermoplastics in hydrogen are advised to be investigated experimentally.

Background There are some theoretical concerns for the use of intraoperative cell salvage (ICS) in patients with ectopic pregnancy. This study aimed to observe the impact of ICS on the coagulation function and clinical outcomes of patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy and severe blood loss. Methods This was a retrospective study of 225 patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy and severe blood loss treated at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University between January 2012 and May 2016. Patients were grouped according to ICS (n = 116) and controls (n = 109, allogenic transfusion and no transfusion). Results Compared with controls, patients with ICS had shorter hospitalization (P = 0.007), lower requirement for allogenic blood products (P < 0.001), and higher hemoglobin levels at discharge (P < 0.001). There were no complications/ adverse reactions. In the ICS group, hemoglobin at discharge (−6.5%, P = 0.002) and thrombin time (−3.7%, P = 0.002) were decreased 24 h after surgery, while 24 h APTT was increased (+4.6%, P < 0.001). In the control group, hemoglobin at discharge (−16.8%, P < 0.001) was decreased after surgery and 24 h APTT was increased (+2.4%, P = 0.045). At discharge, hemoglobin levels were higher in the ICS group (P < 0.001). Conclusion ICS was associated with good clinical outcomes in patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy and severe blood loss.

Hydrogen energy and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have become the key development directions of countries around the world, and high-pressure hydrogen storage technology is the most widely used hydrogen storage method in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders are an important hydrogen storage component of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and the storage medium is flammable and explosive high-pressure hydrogen. Therefore, the on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders determine the safety of the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. When a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle accidentally catches fire, the high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder may be exposed to localized fire, and gas cylinders are at risk of explosion before the pressure relief device (TPRD) operates. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics method was used to establish the numerical calculation model of the on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders under localized fire, and the accuracy of the numerical calculation model was verified by the fire test results. Using the established numerical calculation model, the heat transfer characteristics of the 35MPa on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders after localized fire for 600s was analyzed, the effect of different filling media on the heat transfer characteristics of Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinder was studied. The results show: The temperature of the burning area of gas cylinder was significantly higher than that of other areas. The temperature growth rate of the gas in cylinder remained basically unchanged, and the maximum temperature of the gas reached 353K at 600s. As the burning time goes on, the growth rate of the gas pressure increased continuously, and the gas pressure reached 36.3MPa at 600s. And different filling mediums have little effect on the heat transfer characteristics of on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders.

In this paper, a comparative study is made on the test items and evaluation criteria stipulated in the relevant regulations and standards of hydrogen storage system valves and temperature-driven pressure relief devices (TPRD) for hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV). The similarities and differences are listed and analyzed. Based on the study and according to the characteristics of the assembly valve for HFCV (hereinafter referred to as the assembly valve), some suggestions on the test items, test methods and evaluation criteria settings for the assembly valve are discussed and the test strategy for assembly valve is proposed.

As important equipment in the entire hydrogen industry chain, composite hydrogen storage cylinders for transportation have developed rapidly in recent years. The fire test is used to verify the explosion resistance of gas cylinders under specified fire conditions. Compared to steel gas cylinder, composite gas cylinder is more dangerous in the fire condition. The wound layer, as the main pressure-bearing structure of the composite hydrogen storage cylinder, is inflammable. In the case of fire, the mechanical properties of the cylinder will degrade quickly due to the high temperature. If the gas inside the cylinder cannot be discharged in time, the cylinder explosion will occur. Currently, some relevant standards or standard drafts have been drawn up by the international organizations, which are useful for formulating Chinese standard for hydrogen storage cylinders for transportation. The applicable scope of the standards was discussed in this paper, such as composite cylinder type, working pressure, nominal volume and design life, etc. The fire test methods of composite gas cylinders in various standards were compared and analyzed, such as experiment method, cylinder placement method, cylinder filling requirements, fuel selection, fire source setting, temperature measurement requirements, and qualified indicators, etc. Finally, the challenges for development of composite hydrogen storage cylinders and compressed hydrogen storage systems in China were proposed.