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This paper proposes an absolute phase retrieval method for complex object measurement based on quantized phase-coding and connected region labeling. A specific code sequence is embedded into quantized phase of three coded fringes. Connected regions of different codes are labeled and assigned with 3-digit-codes combining the current period and its neighbors. Wrapped phase, more than 36 periods, can be restored with reference to the code sequence. Experimental results verify the capability of the proposed method to measure multiple isolated objects.

To face the challenges of fossil fuel shortage and stringent emission norms, there is growing interest in the potential usage of alternative fuels such as bio-ethanol and bio-butanol in internal combustion engines. More recently, Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE), the intermediate product of bio-butanol fermentation, has been gaining a lot of attention as an alternative fuel. The literature shows that the acetone in the ABE blends plays an important part in improving the combustion performance and emissions, owing to its higher volatility. Acetone and ethanol are the low-value byproducts during bio-butanol production, so using acetone and ethanol as fuel additives may have both economic and environmental benefits. This study focuses on the differences in combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a port-injection spark-ignition engine fueled with pure gasoline (G100), ethanol-containing gasoline (E10 and E30) and acetone-ethanol-gasoline blends (AE10 and AE30 at A:E volumetric ratio of 3:1). The tests were conducted at 1200 RPM, under gasoline maximum brake torque (MBT) at 3 bar and 5 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). Performance and emission data were measured under various equivalence ratios. Based on the comparison of combustion phasing, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and various emissions of different fuels, it was found that using acetone as an oxygenate additive with the default ECU calibration (for gasoline) maintained the thermal efficiency and showed lower unburned HC emissions.

SUMMARY In this paper, the simultaneous stabilization problem for r uncertain descriptor systems is investigated. First, r uncertain closed‐loop descriptor systems with an input saturation controller are introduced and a sufficient condition for these systems to be simultaneously stabilized is derived by a common generalized Lyapunov function. Meanwhile, an input saturation controller for these uncertain descriptor systems is designed via using linear matrix inequalities. Second, a simultaneous stability region for the r uncertain stabilized descriptor systems is investigated and described via system parameters. Furthermore, for the r different uncertain descriptor systems, the r different generalized Lyapunov functions are used to discuss the simultaneous stabilization problem with the advantage of relatively small conservativeness compared with the common generalized Lyapunov function. Of course, the advantages of the proposed method still include the numerical reliability of algorithm. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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