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The perovskite-based optoelectronic applications always suffer from stability issues, due to the intrinsic chemical instability of the perovskite materials. Besides, poly­(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is always utilized as an anode buffer layer in thin-film perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), which may lead to stability issues due to the hygroscopic and acidic nature of PEDOT:PSS. In this paper, inorganic metal oxide NiO x is employed as a hole injection layer (HIL) and hole transport layer (HTL) to substitute detrimental PEDOT:PSS in all-inorganic PeLEDs. Then fully covered CsPbBr3 polycrystalline films are fabricated by using a one-step spin-coating method based on nonstoichiometric and polymer-assisted perovskite precursor solutions. The optimized films not only have compact morphology but also have excellent photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Encouragingly, by introducing a metal oxide NiO x , the CsPbBr3 PeLEDs show a maximum luminance of 23 828 cd m–2 and maximum current efficiency (CE) of 9.54 cd A–1, which lead to a 1.6-fold and 3.3-fold increase compared to the PeLEDs with a PEDOT:PSS HIL. Besides, the inorganic PeLEDs show high color purity with a full-width at half-maximum (fwhm) of only 16 nm. The combination of inorganic NiO x with inorganic perovskite also shows improved operation stability of devices, which paves the way for highly efficient all-inorganic PeLEDs.

Z. GC/TOFMS analysis of metabolites in serum and urine reveals metabolic perturbation of TCA cycle in db/db mice involved in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 304: F1317-F1324, 2013. First published March 6, 2013 doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00536.2012.-Early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is difficult although it is of crucial importance to prevent its development. To probe potential markers and the underlying mechanism of DN, an animal model of DN, the db/db mice, was used and serum and urine metabolites were profiled using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Metabolic patterns were evaluated based on serum and urine data. Principal component analysis of the data revealed an obvious metabonomic difference between db/db mice and controls, and db/db mice showed distinctly different metabolic patterns during the progression from diabetes to early, medium, and later DN. The identified metabolites discriminating between db/db mice and controls suggested that db/db mice have perturbations in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA, citrate, malate, succinate, and aconitate), lipid metabolism, glycolysis, and amino acid turnover. The db/db mice were characterized by acidic urine, high TCA intermediates in serum at week 6 and a sharp decline thereafter, and gradual elevation of free fatty acids in the serum. The sharp drop of serum TCA intermediates from week 6 to 8 indicated the downregulated glycolysis and insulin resistance. However, urinary TCA intermediates did not decrease in parallel with those in the serum from week 6 to 10, and an increased portion of TCA intermediates in the serum was excreted into the urine at 8, 10, and 12 wk than at 6 wk, indicating kidney dysfunction occurred. The relative abundances of TCA intermediates in urine relative to those in serum were suggested as an index of renal damage. diabetic nephropathy; metabonomics; tricarboxylic acid cycle; gas chromatography mass spectrometry