Amphibians represent a group with a total diversity of 376 species for Mexico which places the country as the 5th richest in terms of amphibian biodiversity. A total of 16 families are present in Mexico including representatives of the 3 orders of amphibians. Salamanders of the family Plethodontidae with 117 species is the most diverse group followed by the family Hylidae with 96 species. In general, endemism is very high, with 7 of the 16 families with more than 50% of their species being endemic to Mexico including 3 genera of frogs and 4 of salamanders endemic to the country. The distribution of species by state highlights the richness in the southern states of Oaxaca, Chiapas and Veracruz. The state of Oaxaca is the most diverse with a total of 140 species, the states of Chiapas with 100 species and Veracruz with 96 species occupy second and third places respectively. Currently amphibians are suffering their worst extinction crisis in their history, 43% of the species in Mexico are considered to be endangered or critically endangered.
La quitridiomicosis es una enfermedad causada por el hongo patógeno Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), el cual afecta la piel de los anfibios y puede provocar la muerte. El declive de las poblaciones de anfibios como resultado del efecto de este patógeno se presentó simultáneamente en varias partes del mundo a partir de la década de 1980. En México se identificó una oleada epidémica por Bd en la década de 1970, la cual concuerda con el declive de poblaciones de salamandras (caudados) en el sur del país. Nuestro trabajo presenta una revisión sobre el estado actual del conocimiento de la quitridiomicosis como uno de los factores causales del declive de las poblaciones de anfibios a nivel mundial y se analiza la información recabada al momento sobre la presencia de este patógeno en México. A la fecha, se ha registrado la infección en 50 especies de anfibios que se distribuyen, principalmente en las regiones montañosas del centro y sur del país, y se ha determinado que las familias Hylidae y Plethodontidae son las más afectadas. Diversos autores han propuesto que el cambio climático global ha jugado un papel fundamental en la presencia y virulencia del género Batrachochytrium, ya que el incremento de temperatura induce un desequilibrio en la relación patógenohospedero provocando mayor virulencia de Bd y/o mayor susceptibilidad a la infección en los anfibios. Sobre este tema, analizamos las temperaturas registradas de 1964 a 1989 en las zonas donde el declive de caudados fue más drástico. No se encontró una asociación clara entre el declive de salamandras con la temperatura. Por otro lado, se determinó que al igual que otros países, el comercio internacional, la introducción y desplazamiento de la "rana toro" Lithobates catesbeiana son importantes para la dispersión del patógeno.
Temperature treatments boost subclinical infections of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a Mexican salamander (Pseudoeurycea leprosa) Tratamientos de temperatura aumentan las infecciones subclínicas de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en una salamandra mexicana (Pseudoeurycea leprosa
We assessed the effect of temperature on subclinical Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection in three species of plethodontids. Collected individuals were tested for Bd in the field during the dry and rainy season and randomly assigned to 15° and 18°C treatments for 30 days. We collected 129 salamanders, of these nine individuals tested positive for Bd in the field. At the two temperature trials, 12 individuals that were Bd-negative in the field, tested positive for Bd. Near the end of the temperature trials, 18 of 21 Bd-positive individuals tested negative for Bd. Three individuals that were Bd positive in the field and assigned to the 18°C trial died during the experiment. Our results suggest that at 15°C the most of plethodontids present subclinical infection, whereas at higher temperatures, Bd infection can increase to detectable levels. The processes underlying plethodontids’s recovery from Bd infection warrants further study.
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