The potential use of forest species as fuels depends on their energy quality. However, in rural communities in developing countries, fuelwood is still an energy source without any technical study evaluating its energetic characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the energetic characteristics of 22 forest species from four communities in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. The basic wood density, proximal analysis, and high heating value were evaluated. As a result of the analysis, the fuel number (FN) is proposed as a measure of the energy quality of biomass fuels in the form of firewood. FN considers the basic wood density, the fixed carbon, and the high heating value of each species. Wood basic density ranged from 0.472 g·cm-1 for Pinus pseudostrobus to 0.814 g·cm-3 for Dodonaea viscosa, fixed carbon ranged from 4.74% to 21.27% for Liquidambar styraciflua and Quercus rugosa, respectively, and high heating value from 18.33 MJ·kg-1 to 22.07 MJ·kg-1 for Liquidambar styraciflua and Pinus leiophylla, respectively. Classifying wood according to FN, in decreasing order, Quercus rugosa stands out as the best wood (66.97%), followed by Liquidambar styraciflua (39.52%). Regarding the fuel value index, the nine pine species showed the highest values (27.32 to 77.76). The FN provides a measure of the quality of biomass fuels in the form of firewood, and can be evaluated by easily measured variables.
C ommunity appropriation of forest resources in the Sierra Juarez of Oaxaca was the result of disputes and various conflicts of interest. This paper describes the process of agrarian communities in the appropriation of forest resource management. The analysis model was based on the following inflection points: the granting of forest concessions, their abrogation driven by the community movement, and local management of forest resources. The proposed analytical models identified the following concepts: utilitarian, conservationist, multiple-use forestry and sustainable forest management, through the application of forest policy.
En diversas comunidades rurales de México, la leña cumple un papel importante como fuente de energía. En función de la zona geográfica, se emplean diferentes especies arbóreas; además, cada localidad ejerce sus propios conocimientos para la recolecta y uso. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivos ubicar taxonómicamente las principales especies forestales utilizadas como leña y analizar su forma de apropiación, uso, manejo y calidad energética en el municipio San Sebastián Coatlán, distrito de Miahuatlán, Oaxaca. Se seleccionaron 45 familias mediante el muestreo de bola de nieve, las que fueron entrevistadas mediante una encuesta semiestructurada. A la madera de las especies identificadas se le determinó la densidad básica y el poder calorífico según las normas de American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Los resultados indican que 40 % de los entrevistados utiliza exclusivamente leña, y 60 % usa leña y gas licuado de petróleo (LP). Se registraron doce taxa, las más utilizadas fueron: Quercus laurina 22 %, Q. glaucoides 18 % y Q. resinosa 17 %. La densidad básica de su madera varió de 0.50 a 0.81 g cm-3 para Lippia myriocephala y Dodonaea viscosa, respectivamente. Su poder calorífico fue de 19.53 a 21.06 MJ kg-1 para Acacia pennatula y Dodonaea viscosa, respectivamente. En conclusión, por su densidad básica, poder calorífico y distribución en la zona de estudio, las especies más utilizadas como leña pertenecen al género Quercus.
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