Global carbon cycle perturbations throughout Earth history are frequently linked to changing paleogeography, glaciation, ocean oxygenation, and biological innovation. A pronounced carbonate carbon-isotope excursion during the Ediacaran Period (635 to 542 million years ago), accompanied by invariant or decoupled organic carbon-isotope values, has been explained with a model that relies on a large oceanic reservoir of organic carbon. We present carbonate and organic matter carbon-isotope data that demonstrate no decoupling from approximately 820 to 760 million years ago and complete decoupling between the Sturtian and Marinoan glacial events of the Cryogenian Period (approximately 720 to 635 million years ago). Growth of the organic carbon pool may be related to iron-rich and sulfate-poor deep-ocean conditions facilitated by an increase in the Fe:S ratio of the riverine flux after Sturtian glacial removal of a long-lived continental regolith.
Determining the inter-island migration abilities of pest species and delimiting eradication units enable more viable long-term eradication campaigns because recurrent colonization from neighboring islands is avoided. We examined the genetic structure of the invasive Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) to identify gene flow between islands and delimit population units at different geographical scales. We investigated variation in eight microsatellite loci in rat populations from 18 islands, representing five archipelagos off the Brittany coast (France). Although most of the islands are isolated from each other, short genetic distances, weak F ST values between close islands, and a high level of cross-assignment showed that individuals collected on different islands could represent a single population unit. A Bayesian clustering method also supported the existence of high levels of gene flow between some neighboring islands. Thus, the statement "one island equals one population" can be false when inter-island distances are less than a few hundred meters. Genetic studies enable the definition of island clusters among which migration may occur that should be considered eradication units. To avoid reinvasion and to minimize ecological and economic costs, rats on all islands in an eradication unit should be eradicated simultaneously. We suggest that the genetic monitoring we performed here can be applied for management of any pest.Resumen: La determinación de las capacidades de migración interinsular de especies plaga y la delimitación de unidades de erradicación hace posible que las campañas de erradicación sean más viables a largo plazo porque se evita la recolonización recurrente desde islas vecinas. Examinamos la estructura genética de la rata Rattus norvegicus para identificar el flujo de genes entre islas y delimitar unidades poblacionales en diferentes escalas geográficas. Investigamos la variación en ochos loci microsatélites en poblaciones de ratas de 18 islas, representando a cinco archipiélagos de la costa de Bretaña (Francia). Aunque la mayoría de las islas están aisladas unas de otras, las distancias genéticas cortas, los valores F ST débiles entre islas cercanas y un alto nivel de asignación cruzada mostraron que los individuos recolectados en islas diferentes pudieran representar a una sola unidad poblacional. Un método de agrupamiento Bayesiano también sostuvo la existencia de altos niveles de flujo génico entre algunas islas cercanas. Por lo tanto, la afirmación de que "una isla equivale a una población" puede ser falsa cuando las distancias interinsulares son menores a unos cuantos cientos de metros. Los estudios genéticos permiten la definición de grupos insulares, entre los que puede ocurrir migración, y que Genetic Tools and Eradication StrategiesAbdelkrim et al.deben ser considerados como unidades de erradicación. Para evitar la reinvasión y para minimizar costos ecológicos y económicos, se debería erradicar simultáneamente a las ratas de todas las islas en una unidad de erradicación. Sugerimos que el ...
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