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Although there are many studies on distance students’ language learning strategies (LLS) use, very little is known about what distinguishes LLS use between synchronous and asynchronous environments. This preliminary mixed-methods research helps to fill this gap by investigating distance students’ LLS use in these two environments. The picture of LLS use that emerged from the data collected has clearly demonstrated that the participants’ use of LLS and technologies was environment-dependent. Our findings suggest that, although the participants were able to use a wide repertoire of LLS and technological tools to facilitate their independent and collaborative learning, the efficacy of their efforts could be further improved by practicing LLS consciously and systematically. We therefore recommend environment-dependent LLS training and the integration of such training into curricular design, in order to empower learners to take more responsibility in online language learning.

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