Objective. Obesity is a clinical condition that impacts severely the physical body. However, evidence related to the mental representation of the body in action is scarce. The few available studies only focus on avoiding obstacles, rather than participants imagining their own body. Method. To advance knowledge in this field, we assessed the performance of twenty-two individuals with obesity compared to thirty individuals with a healthy weight in two tasks that implied different motor (more implicit vs. more explicit) imagery strategies. Two tasks were also administered to control for visual imagery skills, to rule out confounding factors. Moreover, we measured body uneasiness, through a standard questionnaire, as body image negativity could impact on other body representation components. Results. Our findings do not show differences in the motor imagery tasks between individuals with obesity and individuals with healthy weight. On the other hand, some differences emerge in visual imagery skills. Crucially, individuals with obesity did report a higher level of body uneasiness. Conclusions. Despite a negative body image and visual imagery differences, obesity per se does not impact on the representation of the body in action. Importantly, this result is independent from the level of awareness required to access the mental representation of the body.
Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a screening tool used in neuropsychological assessment for evaluating comprehensively different cognitive functions. Aberrant performance at CDT was observed in Parkinson's disease, due to impaired executive functioning as well as visuo-spatial difficulties. However, previous studies suffered of different limitations, such reduced sample size and absence of comparison with healthy individuals. The aim of this retrospective study was to verify CDT accuracy in discriminating between 240 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 145 healthy subjects. We verified CDT accuracy in discriminating patients when classified in relation to their global cognitive functioning measured through the Mini Mental State Examination and the Frontal Assessment Battery. Our results showed that affected individuals reported a worse performance in CDT than healthy controls; this difference was not related to age or level of education. Instead, no difference was found between patients when categorized in relation to their performance at the Mini Mental State Examination or Frontal Assessment Battery. We confirmed that Parkinson's disease patients reported low performance at the CDT. We encouraged to use CDT for early detection of possible cognitive difficulties in Parkinson's disease for clinical and research purpose. Response to Reviewers: Reviewer #1 The present retrospective study investigates abnormalities of the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in a large cohort of 240 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and a sample of 145 healthy participants. The CDT was adopted as a measure of global cognitive decline assessed by Mini Mental State Examination-MMSE and Frontal Assessment Battery-FAB. The Authors found that the CDT performance was lower in PD in Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Page 5: "the relationship between the CDT score and the level of Age and Education was calculated through the calculation of the Pearson's correlation coefficient"; again, consider the Spearman's Rank Order Correlation (see previous comment) REPLY: Following this comments, we run again in analyses adopting the Spearman's Rank Order Correlation. Please, refer to Table 4.
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