Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a dominant and highly penetrant monogenic disorder present from birth that markedly elevates plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentration and, if untreated, leads to premature atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). There are approximately 100,000 people with FH in Australia. However, an overwhelming majority of those affected remain undetected and inadequately treated, consistent with FH being a leading challenge for public health genomics. To further address the unmet need, we provide an updated guidance, presented as a series of systematically collated recommendations, on the care of patients and families with FH. These recommendations have been informed by an exponential growth in published works and new evidence over the last 5 years and are compatible with a contemporary global call to action on FH. Recommendations are given on the detection, diagnosis, assessment and management of FH in adults and children. Recommendations are also made on genetic testing and risk notification of biological relatives who should undergo cascade testing for FH. Guidance on management is based on the concepts of risk re-stratification, adherence to heart healthy lifestyles, treatment of non-cholesterol risk factors, and safe and appropriate use of LDL-cholesterol lowering therapies, including statins, ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors and lipoprotein apheresis. Broad recommendations are also provided for the organisation and development of health care services. Recommendations on best practice need to be underpinned by good clinical judgment and shared decision making with patients and families. Models of care for FH need to be adapted to local and regional health care needs and available resources. A comprehensive and realistic implementation strategy, informed by further research, including assessments of cost-benefit, will be required to ensure that this new guidance benefits all Australian families with or at risk of FH.

Objective: To determine the incidence of and risk factors for surgical site infections in general practice. Design: Prospective, observational study of patients presenting for minor excisions. Setting: Primary care in a regional centre, Queensland, October 2004 to May 2005. Participants: 857 patients were assessed for infection. Results: The overall incidence of infection was 8.6% (95% CI, 3.5%–13.8%). Excisions from lower legs and feet (P = 0.009) or thighs (P = 0.005), excisions of basal cell carcinoma (P = 0.006) or squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.002), and diabetes (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for wound infection. Conclusion: Our results indicate the high‐risk groups for surgery in a general practice setting, such as people with diabetes and those undergoing excision of a non‐melanocytic skin cancer or excision from a lower limb. Recognition of these groups could encourage more judicial use of prophylactic antibiotics and use of other interventions aimed at reducing infection rates.

Objectives  Surgical site infection (SSI) following minor surgery contributes to patient morbidity and compromises cosmetic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for SSI after dermatological surgery in general practice. Methods  A prospective, observational study which assessed infection among 972 patients was conducted in regional north Queensland, Australia. Consecutive patients presenting for minor skin excisions were invited to participate. Wounds were assessed for SSI at the time of removal of sutures. Results  Infection occurred in 85 of the 972 excisions; thus, the overall incidence of infection was 8.7% (95% confidence interval 6.5–11.0). Excisions in the upper (P < 0.001) or lower (P < 0.001) extremities, excisions of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (P = 0.001) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (P = 0.001), and re‐excision of skin cancer were found to be independent risk factors for wound infection. The length of the excision (P < 0.001) and the patient’s status as an ex‐smoker (P = 0.019) were additional independent risk factors for infection. Diabetes was not found to be an independent risk factor for infection (P = 0.891). Conclusions  Prophylactic antibiotics are probably prescribed excessively or inappropriately for dermatological surgery, and overall we wish to discourage their use. The results of this study may encourage the more judicial use of prophylactic antibiotics by defining high‐risk procedures, such as excisions from the extremities, excision of BCC or SCC, and larger excisions, and patients who are at high risk for infection, such as ex‐smokers.

Objective: To describe the proportion of 16-29-year-olds tested for chlamydia by Australian general practitioners in a 12-month period. Design and setting: Between October 2007 and September 2008, the national chlamydia testing rate in 16-29-year-olds was calculated by dividing the number of Medicare-reimbursed chlamydia tests by two denominators: (i) Medicare-reimbursed GP consultations; and (ii) estimated resident populations adjusted for the proportion who were sexually active. Main outcome measures: GP chlamydia testing rates in 16-29-year-olds per 100 patients attending a GP consultation and per 100 sexually active population, by patient age and sex, state/territory of residence, and remoteness area. Results: Among the estimated Australian population of 16-29-year-olds, 85.6% of females and 64.4% of males had at least one GP consultation in the 12-month period. The national GP chlamydia testing rate per 100 patients was 8.9% (95% CI, 8.88%-8.94%). The national GP chlamydia testing rate per 100 sexually active population was 8.0% (95% CI, 7.92%-7.98%). The rate per 100 sexually active population was higher in females (12.5%) compared with males (3.7%) (P < 0.01); higher in 20-24-year-olds (9.0%) compared with 16-19-year-olds (8.7%) and 25-29-year-olds (6.6%) (P < 0.01); higher in those living in non-metropolitan areas (11.0%) compared with metropolitan areas (8.4%) (P < 0.01); and highest in those living in the Northern Territory (21.4%) compared with other jurisdictions (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Despite clinical guidelines recommending annual chlamydia testing for sexually active 15-29-year-olds, our analysis showed that a high proportion of young people aged 16-29 years attend a GP each year, but few of the sexually active population in this age group were tested for chlamydia in general practice. Strategies MJA 2011; 194: 249-252 are needed to support GPs to enhance chlamydia testing in young people.

Objective To compare standard management of keeping wounds dry and covered with allowing wounds to be uncovered and wet in the first 48 hours after minor skin excision. Design Prospective, randomised controlled, multicentre trial testing for equivalence of infection rates. Setting Primary care in regional centre, Queensland, Australia. Participants 857 patients randomised to either keep their wound dry and covered (n = 442) or remove the dressing and wet the wound (n = 415). Results The incidence of infection in the intervention group (8.4%) was not inferior to the incidence in the control group (8.9%) (P < 0.05). The one sided 95% confidence interval for the difference of infection rates was ∞ to 0.028. Conclusion These results indicate that wounds can be uncovered and allowed to get wet in the first 48 hours after minor skin excision without increasing the incidence of infection.