The first formal description of the microbicidal activity of extracellular traps (ETs) containing DNA occurred in neutrophils in 2004. Since then, ETs have been identified in different populations of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Much of the knowledge has been obtained from in vitro or ex vivo studies; however, in vivo evaluations in experimental models and human biological materials have corroborated some of the results obtained. Two types of ETs have been described—suicidal and vital ETs, with or without the death of the producer cell. The studies showed that the same cell type may have more than one ETs formation mechanism and that different cells may have similar ETs formation mechanisms. ETs can act by controlling or promoting the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of various infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, thrombotic, and neoplastic diseases, among others. This review discusses the presence of ETs in neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and recent evidence of the presence of ETs in B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, due to recently collected information, the effect of ETs on COVID-19 is also discussed.

IntroductionLaryngeal tuberculosis (LTB) is the most frequent granulomatous disease of the larynx and represents less than 2% of extrapulmonary TB cases. There are no pathognomonic clinical and endoscopic features of this disease and studies on LTB that can assist in its diagnostic characterization are lacking.ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with clinical and topographical features of LTB.Methoda retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from the medical records of 36 patients with confirmed LTB diagnosis.ResultsDysphonia and cough were the main symptoms presented by patients and the true vocal folds the most frequently affected site. The average of the duration of the disease evolution was significantly higher in patients with dysphonia than in patients without this symptom. We observed association between dysphonia and true vocal fold lesions and between odynophagia and lesions in the epiglottis, arytenoids and aryepiglottic folds. Odynophagia was more frequent in individuals with lesions in four or more laryngeal sites. Weight loss equal or above 10% of the body weight was more frequent in patients with odynophagia as first symptom and in patients with ulcerated lesion. Dyspnea on exertion was more frequent in individuals with more extensive laryngeal lesions. The percentage of smokers with lesions in four or more laryngeal sites was greater than that found in non-smokers. Laryngeal tissue fragment bacilloscopy and culture examinations were less positive than sputum ones.ConclusionsSmoking appears to be associated with the development of more extensive LTB lesions, and LTB with dyspnea on exertion and odynophagia with consequent impairment of nutritional status. We emphasize the need for histopathologic confirmation, once positive sputum bacteriological examinations seem not to necessarily reflect laryngeal involvement.

Introdução: A miíase é uma afecção produzida pela infestação de larvas de moscas em pele e outros tecidos, sendo mais frequente nos países subdesenvolvidos e tropicais. Além disso, quando diagnosticada e tratada tardiamente pode levar o paciente a óbito. Objetivo: Há várias formas de tratamento descritas e a escolha da terapia varia a cada caso, segundo o número de larvas e o tecido envolvido. O intuito deste trabalho é relatar dois casos clínicos de miíase envolvendo a região maxilofacial, demonstrando a eficiência e a segurança da terapia escolhida. Relato de caso: Dois pacientes foram tratados através da remoção mecânica das larvas com auxílio de pinça e administração, por via oral, de antiparasitário (Ivermectina 12mg, dose única). Observou-se uma redução total de larvas nas feridas sem nenhuma intercorrência significativa. Conclusão: A remoção mecânica das larvas associada com Ivermectina em dose única é uma opção viável para o tratamento de miíase na região maxilofacial.