No abstract

The purpose of this paper is to establish a vocabulary for the systematic documentation of abnormal behavior in restrictively reared chimpanzees. Such a vocabulary facilitates communication regarding the range of behavior patterns indicative of psychopathology. The behavior of restrictively reared chimpanzees was observed and descriptive statistics on abnormal behaviors are presented. Succinct descriptive terminology is developed to aid in documentation of the range of abnormal behavior observed in restrictively reared chimpanzees. Such documentation is the first step in monitoring and evaluating a rehabili t at ion program.

The loss of teeth from attrition may limit the life span of free-ranging Darajani baboons. A high frequency of fractures is presumably the result of falls that occur in chases or flights. The pattern of broken bones emphasizes the digits, the trunk, the face, and the lower limb. Such injuries affect virtually all individuals who survive to a relatively old age. Arthritic-like changes in the skeleton frequently occur in the vertebral column and may reduce the baboon's speed and agility in flight. They have remarkable abilities to survive severe wounds, even amputations, as long as such wounds are clean. Numerous diseases and parasites infect the animals and those who survive must cope with repeated infection. Many of these pathogens affect the individual at the same time and each reduces the likelihood of survival. The brief life expectancy of the individual magnifies the genetic contribution of older animals to the group if the individual is of suitable position in dominance and central hierarchy.The results of disease and injuries unquestionably have long been important factors in primate evolution. Osteological pathology in primates is frequently treated as a curious but not particularly useful aspect of evolution, because bone reactions to disease are often non-specific and difficult to diagnose. Comprehensive surveys of paleopathology by Moodie ('23) and Sigerist ('51 ) emphasize clinical descriptions of pathology from the fossil and archeological records. The major result of such surveys is an appreciation of the antiquity of injury and disease among vertebrates. In his review of paleapathology for Anthropology Today, Ackernecht ('53) stresses that pathology yields more than medical information -that it reflects the general conditions and growth of society and therefore offers clues about societies of the past. Wells ('64) places pathology in the context in which it is used in this study, describing it as an expression of response to stress in environment and behavior. From this point of view the investigator who seeks knowledge of how primates respond to "the aggression of their environment" (Wells, '64) will find a wealth of data in pathology.Yet an exhaustive examination of the fossil record yields only fragmentary data on pathology and these data are subject to conflicting interpretations. It is therefore very useful to seek additional information by looking at living primate popu-AM. J. PHYs. ANTHROP., 26: 331-340.

Dental attrition, cranial suture closure, and epiphyseal union are compared as indicators of relative age in baboons, Papio cynocephahs (Linnaeus, 1776). Tooth destruction from wear is extreme. Such destruction is certainly a factor of vital importance to feral baboons and may limit life span. As cusps wear away, they form selenes of dentine and enamel which are effective grinding surfaces. In conditions of extreme wear, functional fourth molars may be quite beneficial. Vault sutures of females remain active longer than those of males. In contrast, most other cranial sutures and sites of epiphyseal activity mature earlier in the female than in males. Attrition scores in this sample are as useful as assessments of closure or epiphyseal union t o determine the relative position of an individual in an age sequence. The most reliable estimates rely on all three sources.

ABSTRACT. Three isosexual social groups, each containing ten subadult female hamadryas monkeys (Papio hamadryas) were studied for seven months to test three hypotheses dealing with the assumptions underlying SEYFARXH'S (1977) model of allogrooming and social organization. Aggression, avoid and allogrooming behaviors were used as criteria for studying the social organization of the groups. Using LANOAU'S (1951) index and discriminant analyses, we found that each of the three isosexual female social units conformed to a model of social organization having a non-linear hierarchy and only two major strata: a dominant animal and subordinates who were largely undifferentiated. This aspect of social organization is similar to the normal one-male unit leader harem form of social organization that is typical of hamadryas. However, since no male was present, the role of unit leader was filled by a female. The length of allogrooming bouts and the amount of allogroom received was affected by the social status of the recipient, with high status individuals receiving more than low status individuals. Social peers were not observed competing for access to high status individuals and did not exchange most of their grooming among themselves. We found that the assumptions underlying SEYFARTn'S (I 977) model were not appropriate for the type of social organization typically found in hamadryas monkeys, thus suggesting the need for further modification of the model so that it fits available data.