SUMMARY The results and procedures of investigators who have used parents as primary or auxiliary change agents for their children arc reviewed. Deviant child behaviors that have been successfully modified by parents are first described. Following this, methods of parent training are discussed. The third and final section of the paper deals with some critical methodological issues–data collection, reliability of measurement, demonstrations of behavioral control, follow‐up, and cost‐effectiveness factors–that require routine and more careful consideration before the efficacy of parent therapists can be adequately assessed. Several recommendations are provided by which to achieve more definitive analyses of this approach to child treatment. Suggestions for subsequent research are also briefly discussed.

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Peptide based lectin mimetics represent an attractive approach for the development of artificial carbohydrate receptors that might find application in bio-analytical and medicinal fields. Taking into consideration the structure of typical lectin binding site, we have designed a novel artificial receptor molecule possessing a rigid three-dimensional structure, hydrogen-bonding site and lipophilic binding pocket to promote hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen-bonding. A new solid-phase synthetic approach that allows complete synthesis of desired bicyclic peptide 1 on the solid support was developed. CD spectra of peptides 1 and 2 indicate that the structure of 1 is rather rigid and preorganised for the three-dimensional monosaccharide substrates binding. The binding affinities of bicyclic peptide receptor 1 toward various carbohydrate substrates at physiologically relevant conditions were estimated by UV/vis and fluorimetric titration experiments, and the observed values are in the millimolar range. With these results we have demonstrated that the bicyclic peptide 1 represent a promising basis for the design of new and more efficient carbohydrate receptors that may have broader application in bio-analytical or medicinal field.

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