The temperature range across the mold powder slag in the interfacial gap between the continuous casting mold and strand leads through different transformation behavior into crystalline phases. The transformation rates play a key role in determining the proportion of glassy and crystalline phases present, and thus greatly influence mold heat transfer and lubrication. Although thermal analysis has held great promise to quantify the crystallization of mold slags, so far the information it has provided is scarce. This work shows how differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, data allow evaluation of Time-Temperature-Transformation, TTT, diagrams of mold powder slags, when analyzed with the induction period and the Kissinger methods. The data required for estimating this important tool for the analysis and design of mold powders are onset temperature, T i , peak maximum temperature, T m , shape index, S, and conversion at peak maximum, x m , of the crystallization peaks appearing on thermograms obtained at various heating and cooling rates, / or À/, respectively. Industrial mold powders for casting low-and medium-carbon steels were analyzed to obtain TTT diagrams which correctly portray their different crystallization behavior. The diagrams reveal the start and end curves of the crystalline phases forming at each DSC crystallization peak. The estimated TTT curves present a correct picture of the degree of transformation observed in glass disks (~3 mm thick) treated isothermally for specified time intervals, quenched and examined with a scanning electron microscope. Additionally, the procedure developed for DSC-based TTT diagram calculation is supported by the good agreement between expected transformations and qualitative or quantitative X-ray diffraction results obtained from mold glass-powdered samples treated isothermally in a muffle furnace.

Heat extraction and drop impact regimes occurring when a local portion of a horizontal flat-fan air mist impinges the active surface of a Pt disk hold at Tw from ∼60 to 1200 °C are investigated. Boiling curves comprise single-phase, nucleate boiling (NB), transition boiling (TB), and film boiling (FB). Mists are generated under wide ranges of water and air flow rates, and the disk is placed at center and off-center positions along the mist footprint major axis. Conditions generate a wide spectrum of water impact flux, w, droplet diameter, dd, droplet velocity, uzs, and impingement angle. Heat flux extracted, −q, along each boiling regime correlates very well with expressions involving Reynolds, Weber, and Jakob numbers evaluated in terms of local average characteristics of free nonimpinging mists—w, volume mean diameter, d30, normal volume weighted mean velocity, uz,v—and Tw; close estimation indicates that hydrodynamic and thermal forces are well accounted. During arrival of sparse parcels visualization of mist–wall interactions, using a high speed camera aided by laser illumination, allows determination of the predominance area diagram of droplet impact regimes in terms of normal impinging Weber number, Wez, and Tw. The regimes include stick, rebound, spread, and splash; the last subclassified as fine-, crown- and jet-atomization. Arrival of parcels in close succession is ubiquitous causing rapid surface flooding and leading to formation of discontinuous well agitated thick liquid films, which interacts longer with the surface than drops in sparse parcels, acting as heat sinks for longer periods of time.

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