Muscle quality is an important component of the functional profile of the elderly, and previous studies have shown that both muscle quantity and quality independently contribute to muscle strength of the elderly. This study aimed to verify the association between quadriceps femoris muscle quality, analyzed by specific tension and echo intensity (EI), and rate of torque development (RTD) of the knee extensor muscles with the functional performance in elderly active women. Forty-five healthy, active elderly women (70.28 ± 6.2) volunteered to participate in this study. Quadriceps femoris muscle thickness and EI were determined by ultrasonography. Knee extension isometric peak torque and RTD were obtained from maximal isometric voluntary contraction curves. The 30-s sit-to-stand-up (30SS) test and usual gait speed (UGS) test were applied to evaluate functional performance. Rectus femoris EI presented a significant negative correlation with 30SS (r = -0.505, P < 0.01), UGS (r s = -0.347, P < 0.05), and isometric peak torque (r = -0.314, P < 0.05). The quadriceps femoris EI correlated negatively with 30SS (r = -0.493, P < 0.01) and isometric peak torque (r = -0.409, P < 0.01). The EI of the quadriceps femoris and all quadriceps muscle portions significantly correlated with RTD. RTD significantly correlated with physical performance in both functional tests (30SS = r = 0.340, P < 0.05; UGS = r s = 0.371, P < 0.05). We concluded that muscle EI may be an important predictor of functional performance and knee extensor power capacity in elderly, active women.
Combining protein supplementation with resistance training is effective for eliciting gains in fat-free mass among older adults, but does not seem to increase muscle mass or strength.
This paper reviews the extensive literature on hyponatremia, a common and potentially serious complication of ultra‐distance exercise. Fluid overload is the likely aetiology. Fluid intakes are typically high in athletes who develop hyponatremia, although hyponatremia can occur with relatively modest fluid intakes. The development of fluid overload and hyponatremia in the presence of a modest fluid intake raises the possibility that athletes with this condition may have an impaired renal capacity to excrete a fluid load. The bulk of evidence favours fluid retention in the extracellular space (dilutional hyponatremia) rather than fluid remaining unabsorbed in the intestine. Female gender is an important risk factor for the development of hyponatremia. Management and prevention of exercise‐associated hyponatremia are discussed. See Commentary, page 5.
O interesse acerca dos mecanismos de geração e adaptação de radicais livres de oxigênio (RLO) ao exercício aumentou significativamente a partir da demonstração de sua relação com o consumo de oxigênio. Os RLO são formados pela redução incompleta do oxigênio, gerando espécies que apresentam alta reatividade para outras biomoléculas, principalmente lipídios e proteínas das membranas celulares e, até mesmo, o DNA. As injúrias provocadas por estresse oxidativo apresentam efeitos cumulativos e estão relacionadas a uma série de doenças, como o câncer, a aterosclerose e o diabetes. O exercício físico agudo, em função do incremento do consumo de oxigênio, promove o aumento da formação de RLO. No entanto, o treinamento físico é capaz de gerar adaptações capazes de mitigar os efeitos deletérios provocados pelos RLO. Estas adaptações estão relacionadas a uma série de sistemas, dos quais os mais importantes são os sistemas enzimáticos, compostos pela superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase, e o não enzimático, composto por ceruloplasmina, hormônios sexuais, coenzima Q, ácido úrico, proteínas de choque térmico e outros. Tais adaptações, apesar das controvérsias sobre os mecanismos envolvidos, promovem maior resistência tecidual a desafios oxidativos, como aqueles proporcionados pelo exercício de alta intensidade e longa duração. As técnicas de avaliação de estresse oxidativo, na maioria das vezes, não são capazes de detectar injúria em exercícios de curta duração. Dessa forma, esforços estão sendo feitos para o estudo de esforços físicos realizados por longos períodos de tempo ou efetuados até a exaustão. Novos marcadores de lesão por ação dos RLO estão sendo descobertos e novas técnicas para sua determinação estão sendo criadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir os mecanismos da formação dos RLO e das adaptações ao estresse oxidativo crônico provocado pelo treinamento físico.
In 8 trained subjects (T) and 9 untrained subjects (UT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP), superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured in the blood before and after three different intensities of exercise on the treadmill, determined from ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen uptake data, obtained from a maximal aerobic power test. In plasma, LPO decreased from 3589 +/- 193 to 3274 +/- 223 cps x mg Hb(-1) (p < 0.05), and TRAP increased from 304 +/- 45 to 384 +/- 57 micromol x L(-1) trolox (p < 0.05) after high intensity exercise in T. GPx activity increased in the T group as compared to the UT group, after exercise in moderate (25.90 +/- 3.79 to 15.05 +/- 3.23 nM x min(-1) x mg protein(-1)) and high (21.75 +/- 4.91 to 12.1 +/- 2.46 nM x min(-1) x mg protein(-1)) intensities (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity increased after exercise at low (8.35 +/- 0.85 to 9.23 +/- 1.03 U SOD x mg protein(-1)) and moderate (8.89 +/- 0.98 to 10.44 +/- 0.86 U SOD x mg protein(-1)) intensity in UT (p < 0.05). There were no changes in catalase activity. These findings indicate that exercise in this model did not increase lipid peroxidation, probably because of the alterations in TRAP and enzymatic antioxidants.
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