Background Frequency of psychiatric disorders in BD is a debated issue: while some experts attribute their presence to the chronicity of the illness, others think that they may be imputable to disease activity or to intrinsic features of the disease. Objectives The primary aims were to determine the frequency of psychiatric disorders in BD patients, both with neurological involvement or without; the secondary aims were: to investigate a possible association between disease activity/organ involvement and psychiatric profile of the BD patients and to compare the distribution of psychiatric disorders of patients with BD with those in patients with other chronic diseases. Methods One hundred and seven BD patients with a diagnosis of BD according the ISG criteria were studied. Demographic profile of the cohort studied are summarised in Table 1. Psychiatric disorders evaluated were: bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression and sleep disorder. Age and sex matched disease controls of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic arterial hypertension were included. Results Prevalence of psychiatric disorders are shown in Table 2. No correlations were found between the presence of psychiatric disorders and disease activity/organ involvement. Moreover, the frequency of bipolar disorder resulted significantly higher than in disease controls (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results show a high frequency of psychiatric disorders in BD patients. This elevated prevalence both in BD patient with or without neurological involvement, in presence or absence of disease activity and in a higher frequency than in disease controls, strongly suggest that BD patients are characterised by a specific psychiatric profile. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
This paper reviews the rheumatological manifestations of scurvy, based on articles published in English from 1965 until October 2014, with a particular focus on rheumatological manifestations. Scurvy is a rare, uncommon disease in developed countries. Due to its clinical heterogeneity, the disease can easily mimic rheumatologic conditions leading to a delay in diagnosis and treatment.
Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a systemic, chronic, relapsing vasculitis, typically characterized by recurrent orogenital ulcers, ocular inflammation and skin manifestations; articular, vascular, gastroenteric and neurological involvement may also occur. Besides the other clinical features of BS, it seems relatively frequent that patients with BS develop a neurobehavioural syndrome, characterized by euphoria, bipolar disorders and paranoid attitudes, loss of insight/disinhibition, and indifference to their disease, defined as 'neuro-psycho-BS'. To date, the pathogenetic mechanism underlying neuro-psycho-BS has not been determined. It may be secondary to organic neurological involvement, or it may be related to poor quality of life and the relapsing course of the disease. Another engaging theory suggests that it could be related to the frequent observation of psychiatric symptoms during relapses or, in some cases, in the phases preceding reactivation of the disease; these elements suggest that psychiatric disorders in BS could represent a crucial element, whether a psychiatric subset or a distinct clinical feature of the disease. Moreover, it has been reported that cognitive impairment in BS can be seen with or without central nervous system involvement. Globally, psychiatric symptoms have been described as being multifaceted, ranging from anxiety disorders to depressive-bipolar disorders or to psychotic ones. In addition, some psychological characteristics of BS patients seem to predispose them to maladaptive stress management, which may lead to stress-related disorders, including anxiety and depression. Therefore, the aims of this review are to explore the epidemiology of neuro-psycho-BS by evaluating the relationship between the stress system and the multifaceted psychiatric manifestations in BS, and to summarize the therapeutic strategy used.
Background: Several studies have been carried out in order to investigate surface electromyography (SEMG) response on fibromyalgic (FM) patients. Some studies failed to demonstrate differences between FM patients and healthy individuals while others found differences in SEMG parameters. Different muscular region have been analyzed in FM patients and heterogeneity is also produced because of the different ways in which the SEMG technique is used.
The inclusion of whey protein concentrates (WPC) in the diet can lead to a decrease in food intake. Considering that excessive food intake and weight gain are correlated with increased oxidative stress and other risk factors, the anorectic action of WPC may have important clinical implications. The aims of the current study were to verify the effects of WPC in comparison with those of casein on food intake, weight, and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and total glutathione (GSH) concentrations in the blood and liver with or without oxidative stress induced by oral carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a balanced liquid diet for 3 weeks. Half of the rats received WPC (group P), while the control group received casein (group C). Group P rats ate significantly less than group C rats (p < 0.0001), and their weights decreased significantly. After carbon tetrachloride intoxication, there was a significant increase in GSH in rats of group P compared with the levels in rats of group C both in the liver (GSH group P 4,994 ± 652.6, group C 2,196 ± 323.2 nmol/mg, p < 0.01) and in the blood (GSH group P 1,368 ± 69.56, group C 1,088 ± 48.35 nmol/ml, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that WPC is effective in reducing food intake and preventing weight gain, and it may also play a protective role against oxidative stress by increasing glutathione synthesis in the liver.
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