No abstract

The current knowledge society has driven an unprecedented mobility of people, especially scientists, from emerging economies to developed countries. This mobility can allow the development of human talent and the access to first class infrastructure and resources, but it can also mean a loss for emerging economies due to the phenomenon of brain drain. To counteract this situation, some countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have developed models for the articulation of their scientific diaspora in projects and programs, with the aim of exchanging knowledge and capitalizing on human and technical resources to advance science, technology and innovation systems. Likewise, science diplomacy has become a tool for interlinking the work of various actors in order to advance the solution of national, transnational or global problems through scientific advice. Scientific diasporas are vital in new structures of cooperation, enabling them to innovate and solve problems jointly, advising their countries of origin and articulating policies and programs. This research seeks to analyze the interactions and initiatives identified between the organized scientific diaspora from Latin America and the Caribbean and their countries of origin in relation to science diplomacy processes, providing recommendations and proposals for public policy to improve the interaction between the diaspora and the governments of their countries of origin. Results show that diaspora organizations from Latin America and the Caribbean engage with governmental and non-state actors and are active science diplomacy stakeholders promoting the scientific developments of their country or their researchers, as well as enabling access to research resources creating alliances for scientific, institutional and academic collaborations. In the cases studied, these efforts are planned and executed by the diaspora without responding to any science diplomacy strategy of the country. Policies and programs are needed to effectively link the scientific diaspora organizations to the interests of the countries.

No abstract

Latin America is a highly culturally and socioeconomically diverse region and it has a long story dealing with a weak, inequitable, inefficient and fragmented health system. The world faces a global health crisis without precedent, where global action and solidarity are crucial. This article highlights the importance of South-South cooperation actions based on science diplomacy, from countries in Latin America, for health-related emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. As the qualitative research, this article will first present the concepts of science diplomacy and South-South Cooperation; secondly it will describe how these two concepts can contribute to emergencies associated with health related situations. Then, this article will review initiatives from Latin America to address the current pandemic. Finally, the general conclusions of the article will be presented. The management of the pandemic requires the best public health strategies contributing to its containment, but also an integrated approach using the transfer of good practices between the Global South, creating a network of scientists and diplomats working together to find possible solutions to the disease. South-South cooperation in Latin America occurs mainly bilaterally, especially with other countries in the Global South. Latin America has to work as a region to generate more spaces for collaboration, addressed by governments to achieve universal health.

Sozial-ökologische Forschung ist mit ihrem inter- und transdisziplinären Zugang dafür prädestiniert, die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Gesellschaft zu untersuchen. Das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung fördert daher Projekte, die in den Bereichen Mobilität, Stadtentwicklung und Konsum Wege für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung aufzeigen und dabei die gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen, die die Pandemie mit sich bringt, einbeziehen.