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An on-line dysprosium preconcentration and determination system based on the hyphenation of cloud point extraction (CPE) to flow injection analysis (FIA) associated with ICP-OES was studied. For the preconcentration of dysprosium, a Dy(III)-2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol complex was formed on-line at pH 9.22 in the presence of nonionic micelles of PONPE-7.5. The micellar system containing the complex was thermostated at 30 degrees C in order to promote phase separation, and the surfactant-rich phase was retained in a microcolumn packed with cotton at pH 9.2. The surfactant-rich phase was eluted with 4 mol L(-1) nitric acid at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min(-1), directly in the nebulizer of the plasma. An enhancement factor of 50 was obtained for the preconcentration of 50 mL of sample solution. The detection limit value for the preconcentration of 50 mL of aqueous solution of Dy was 0.03 microg L(-1). The precision for 10 replicate determinations at the 2.0 microg L(-1)Dy level was 2.2% relative standard deviation (RSD), calculated from the peak heights obtained. The calibration graph using the preconcentration system for dysprosium was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9994 at levels near the detection limits up to at least 100 microg L(-1). The method was successfully applied to the determination of dysprosium in urine.

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Background: In many countries, the hypertension in the pediatric population is considered an important risk of mortality and morbidity. In this sense, it is important to design and develop new pharmaceutical forms for pediatric patients with hypertension. The development of orodispersible mini-tablets (ODMTs) for paediatric use has gained importance within recent years the WHO authorities set up regulations for developing suitable and palatable dosage forms for paediatric patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to design and develop orodispersible mini tablets of enalapril maleate for pediatric use. Methods: Five pharmaceutical formulations were designed. The effects of different co-processed excipients and active pharmaceuthical ingredient at different doses were study. Lactose co-processed excipients selected were Tablettose® 80, MicroceLac® 100 and StarLac®. The micromeritic properties were evaluated for all the physical mixtures. The mini tablets were obtained by direct compression and quality control parameters were determined in accordance with United States Pharmacopeia. Results: Three OMDTs with StarLac® provide good results of hardness, flowability and fast disintegration. One of them, with 0.1 mg of enalapril maleate, showed the best results for the official parameters of hardness (4.0 kp), friability (< 1%), disintegration time (28 s), drug content uniformity (103.6 %) and the best wetting time (23 s). Conclusion: The orodispersible mini tablets with StarLac® showed good officially quality parameters. One of them showed the best wetting time and doses for pediatric patients. This formulation could be considered eligible to be elaborated on an industrial scale.