No abstract

The water level at the Manaus Port on the Negro River reached its record value of 29.97 m on 29 May 2012. This is higher than the previous record in the year 2009 by 20 cm. The rise of the level from November 2011 till the record maximum is the highest in the past several decades. A cooler South Atlantic and a normal or slightly warmer North Atlantic were associated with a record flood in the Amazon Basin in 2012. The seasonal atmospheric moisture convergence and the precipitation over the Amazon Basin are well correlated. During the period October 2011 through May 2012 the moisture‐flux convergence was 38% more intense than climatology. The rainfall equivalence of this excess moisture convergence is about 2.5 mm d–1 in the western Amazon Basin and 1.8 mm d–1 in the whole Amazon Basin.

No abstract

There is pressing need to anticipate the impacts of climate change on species and their functional contributions to ecosystem processes. Our objective is to evaluate the potential bee response to climate change considering (1) response traits-body size, nest site, and sociality; (2) contributions to ecosystem services (effect trait)-crop pollination; and (3) bees' size of current occurrence area. We analyzed 216 species occurring at the Carajás National Forest (Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil), using two different algorithms and geographically explicit data. We modeled the current occurrence area of bees and projected their range shift under future climate change scenarios through species distribution modeling. We then tested the relationship of potential loss of occurrence area with bee traits and current occurrence area. Our projections show that 95% of bee species will face a decline in their total occurrence area, and only 15 to 4% will find climatically suitable habitats in Carajás. The results indicate an overall reduction in suitable areas for all traits analyzed. Bees presenting medium and restricted geographic distributions, as well as vital crop pollinators, will experience significantly higher losses in occurrence area. The potentially remaining species will be the wide-range habitat generalists, and the decline in crop-pollinator species will probably pose negative impact on pollination service. The north of Pará presented the greatest future climatic suitability and can be considered for conservation purposes. These findings emphasize the detrimental effects on biodiversity and agricultural production by climate change and provide data to support conservation planning.