This work evaluated the functional response of adult females of Eriopis connexa to different densities of
-The relative toxicity of the leaf, seed and oil neem cake extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) to the predatory mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai (Denmark & Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was evaluated. To verify the relative toxicity of these extracts on the predatory mite, discriminating concentrations of the extracts were determined for adult females of the Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), through the method of concentration-mortality. Coffee leaf disks with 3.5 cm of the diameter were put floating on water and impregnated with dry residue of the extracts. Concentrations of neem extracts which caused mortality (99%) of O. ilicis, after 72h of exposition, were 277.4; 520.9 e 10.9 mg/ml for leaf, seed and oil neem cake, respectively. The discriminating concentration of extract of oil neem cake for O. ilicis females was highly toxic to I. zuluagai; while extract of leaf and seed were selective to the predatory mite.
Resumo O sistema de defesa induzido de plantas é ativado quando herbívoros se alimentam das mesmas. Alternativamente, herbívoros podem se adaptar a espécies de plantas filogeneticamente pró-ximas ao seu hospedeiro de origem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Thyrinteina arnobia em plantas de goiaba (hospedeiro de origem) e de eucalipto (hospedeiro novo) em campo. Adicionalmente, estudou-se a biologia deste inseto em laboratório fornecendo folhas de eucalipto previamente danificadas por lagartas de T. arnobia e folhas sem danos. A sobrevivência larval em eucalipto, 78,00%, foi superior à de goiaba, 29,33%. O ciclo larval foi de 27,90 dias em goiaba e de 30,30 dias em eucalipto. Em testes de laboratório, o ciclo larval em eucalipto limpo, 36,39 dias, foi maior do que em eucalipto danificado, 32,89 dias. A mortalidade larval em eucalipto danificado foi de 30,00% e de 10,00% em eucalipto limpo. Os resultados indicam que a goiaba não é um bom hospedeiro para T. arnobia possivelmente por apresentar um sistema mais efetivo de defesa. Embora o eucalipto possa ser um hospedeiro mais favorável ao desenvolvimento e estabelecimento do inseto, pode também reduzir populações do herbívoro ativando o seu sistema de defesa induzido.Termos para indexação: mortalidade larval, goiaba. Adaptation of Thyrinteina arnobia to a new host and herbivore induced defense in eucalyptusAbstract The induced defense system of plants is activated when herbivorous start to injury plants. Alternatively, herbivores may adapt to plants that are phylogenetically close to their original host. This work aimed at comparing the life history of Thyrinteina arnobia on guava plants (origin host) with eucalyptus (the new host) in the field. The biology of the insect in the laboratory on both eucalyptus leaves previously injured by the caterpillars of T. arnobia and on clean leaves was also studied. In the field, the larvae survivorship of T. arnobia on eucalyptus was 78.00% and on guava was 29.33%. The larvae cycle was 27.90 days on guava and 30.30 days on eucalyptus. At the laboratory, tests showed that the larvae cycle on clean eucalyptus leaves lasted 36.39 days while on previously injured leaves, only 32.89 days. The larvae mortality on injured eucalyptus leaves was 30.00%, and 10.00% on clean leaves. The results indicate that guava plants are not a suitable host for T. arnobia probably due to a more effective defense system. Although the eucalyptus may be a better host, it can also reduce the herbivore population by activating its herbivore induced defense system. Index terms: larval mortality, guava.(1) Aceito para publicação em 22 de janeiro de 2003. E-mail: aholtz@insecta.ufv.br, hamilton@insecta.ufv.br, pallini@ufv.br, zanuncio@ufv.br, claudinei@insecta.ufv.br (3) UFV, Dep. de Biologia Animal, Setor de Entomologia. Bolsista do CNPq. E-mail: janne@insecta.ufv.br IntroduçãoAs interações tróficas entre planta e insetos herbívoros são importantes na determinação, distribuição e ocorrência dos organismos em ecossistema natura...
-Plants can develop mechanisms of defense that reduces the effects of herbivore attacks. In response, the herbivores evolve to breaking the defense mechanisms of plants. Herbivores may also escape from the plant defense system by migrating to other host whose defense is not effective against them. In Brazil, outbreaks of the defoliator caterpillar Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll in Eucalyptus sp. are frequently observed. However, the native host of this insect is guava, Psidium guajava where outbreaks are not registered. The absence of outbreaks in P. guajava may be related to the development of defense mechanisms in that specie of Myrtaceae, which has apparently not yet occurred on eucalyptus. Here we investigated the performance of T. arnobia reared on its origin host plant, in comparison with those reared on its exotic host, Eucalyptus sp. The intrinsic growth rate of T. arnobia was higher on eucalyptus than on P. guajava. It is possible that the defense mechanism on guava plants acts as a chemical barrier, probably reducing the digestibility of the insect, which could affect the development of the current population and the next generations.KEY WORDS: Constitutive defense, Eucalyptus cloesiana, Psidium guajava, herbivory RESUMO -As plantas podem desenvolver mecanismos de defesa que reduzem o efeito do ataque de herbívoros. Em resposta, os insetos herbívoros evoluem de forma a quebrar os mecanismos de defesa das plantas. Uma das formas que os insetos têm de escapar do sistema de defesa das plantas é migrar para outros hospedeiros cujo sistema de defesa não seja eficiente a seu ataque. No Brasil, em plantios de Eucalyptus spp., observam-se surtos freqüentes da lagarta desfolhadora Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll, cujo hospedeiro nativo é a goiaba. A não ocorrência de surtos populacionais em goiaba pode estar relacionada ao desenvolvimento de mecanismos de defesa, nessa espécie de Myrtaceae, o que aparentemente ainda não ocorreu com o eucalipto. Por isso, investigou-se neste trabalho se o desempenho de T. arnobia criada em seu hospedeiro de origem, plantas de goiaba, difere do seu desempenho em hospedeiro exótico, o eucalipto. A taxa intrínseca de crescimento populacional de T. arnobia (r m ) foi maior em eucalipto do que em plantas de goiaba. O pior desempenho de T. arnobia em plantas de goiaba possivelmente se deu por atuação do sistema de defesa constitutiva dessas plantas. Barreiras químicas das plantas de goiaba podem estar atuando principalmente na redução da digestibilidade do inseto, afetando o desenvolvimento da população atual e, por conseguinte, o das próximas gerações.
We used a Y-tube olfactometer to assess the sub-lethal effects of the acaricide fenbutatin oxide on the olfactory response of the predatory mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai towards odours from: (1) air or undamaged coffee plants; (2) undamaged or red spider mite Oligonychus ilicis-infested coffee plants; (3) undamaged or false spider mite Brevipalpus phoenicis-infested coffee plants. Predatory mite adult females were exposed to residues of fenbutatin oxide or distilled water on leaf discs during a period of 72 h prior experiments. When exposed to distilled water (control treatments), predatory mites significantly preferred undamaged plants over air, O. ilicis-infested plants over undamaged plants, and they did not prefer B. phoenicis-infested plants over undamaged plants. However, predatory mites that had been exposed to residues of fenbutatin oxide were neither attracted towards undamaged plants nor to O. ilicis-infested plants. Thus, fenbutatin oxide affected negatively the olfactory response of I. zuluagai. We conclude that sub-lethal-effect studies should be considered in pesticide selectivity programs since the ability of predatory mites to locate their prey may be negatively affected by non-lethal concentrations of pesticides.
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