We report an investigation on the effects of counterions of magnesium salts on the homogeneous phase precipitation reaction to yield nanoparticles. The results provide new parameters to guide the control of the size, monodispersity, crystallinity, and morphology of Mg(OH)(2) nanoparticles. Evidence emerged that magnesium counterions affect the size of crystallites. The particle size increases from about 50 to 200 nm and follows the Hofmeister anion series: sulfate < chloride < nitrate = perchlorate. All of the results show that a proper choice of counterion and composition of reaction mixture allows one to modulate and set conditions that predetermine production of nanoparticles with desired size. The Mg(OH)(2) nanoparticles have been applied to the successful conservation of paper. To demonstrate the efficacy of nanoparticles as deacidifying agent and as protection against cellulose aging, some samples of paper from the 18th century were treated with the nanoparticles and artificially aged by subjecting them to hydrothermal and photooxidative degradation. The treatment with nanoparticles preserved the mechanical features of paper, and the deterioration was consistently reduced. The comparison with the Wei t'O method (based on magnesium alkoxides), one of the most common and largely used methods for paper deacidification, indicates the following: (1) nanoparticles present a higher efficacy in the deacidification treatment since they are much more reactive; (2) nanoparticles are less aggressive since they are easily converted into the carbonate form; (3) they present minor disadvantages related to the chemical nature of the solvent used in the Wei t'O (i.e., CFC); (4) papers/books can be treated with very simple procedures, and do not require any special apparatus; (5) nanoparticle treatments have substantial economic benefits.
Composites of wheat straw fibers with polypropylene (iPP) and maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (iPPMA) were prepared.Before being mixed with polypropylene matrices, the wheat straw fibers were subjected to a steam explosion process that induces morphological and structural changes in lignocellulosic materials. Such changes are able to enhance the interactions with the thermoplastic matrix.Compared with iPP, the modified matrix (iPPMA) has shown higher mechanical performances (tensile and impact behavior) and a remarkable decrease of water absorption, that is one of the main drawbacks of natural fiber composites.Finally, the presence of covalent bonds between maleic anhydride and steamexploded (STEX) fibers, by means of an esterification reaction, produced during the melt-mixing process, can explain the resulting good interfacial adhesion found in iPPMA-based composites. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Aus Weizenstrohfasern und Polypropylen (iPP) bzw. mit Maleinsaureanhydrid modifiziertem Polypropylen (iPPMA) wurden Composite hergestellt . Die Weizenstrohfasern wurden vor dem Einmischen in die Polypropylenmatrix einem Dampfexplosions-prozeB unterworfen, der bei Lignocellulosematerialien morphologische und strukturelle Veraderungen bewirkt, die zu einer Verbesserung der Wechselwirkungen mit der thermoplastischen Matrix fuhren kdnnen. Die modifizierte iPPMA-Matrix weist im Vergleich zur iPP-Matrix bessere mechanische Eigenschaften (Zug-und Schlagverhalten) und eine bemerkenswerte Verringerung der Wasseraufnahme, einer der Hauptnachteile von Compositen mit Naturfasern, auf. Die gute Grenzflachenhaftung in den iPPMA-Compositen kann mit den beim Mischen der Fasern mit der Polymerschmelze gebildeten kovalenten Esterbindungen zwischen den Maleinsaureanhydrid-Segmenten und den dampfbehandelten Fasern erklart werden.
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