The complex functions of feet require a specific composition, which is progressively achieved by developmental processes. This development should take place without being affected by footwear. The aim of this study is to evaluate differences between static and dynamic foot morphology in developing feet. Feet of 2554 participants (6-16 years) were recorded using a new scanner system (DynaScan4D). Each foot was recorded in static half and full weight-bearing and during walking. Several foot measures corresponding to those used in last construction were calculated. The differences were identified by one-way ANOVA and paired Student's t-test. Static and dynamic values of each foot measure must be considered to improve the fit of footwear. In particular, footwear must account for the increase of forefoot width and the decrease of midfoot girth. Furthermore, the toe box should have a more rounded shape. The findings are important for the construction of footwear for developing feet.

The amount of toe allowance (TA, the space in front of the toes) in children's shoes is physiologically important and often estimated by the rule-of-the-parent's-thumb. Besides this, other rules-of-thumb exist mainly based on experiences or footprint analysis. The aim of this study is to scientifically evaluate these rules-of-thumb. TA was calculated as a function of growth rate, foot extension, and walking advance based on three-dimensional (3D) foot scans of 2554 children (6À16 years) during standing and walking. Foot extension was determined as the difference in foot length between static and dynamic weight-bearing, walking advance as movement of the most anterior point of toes, and growth rate as semi-annual foot growth. TA was smaller than all rules-of-thumb and was influenced by gender and foot length. These findings primarily present TA based on 3D foot scans which is important for shoe construction. It is recommended to use 90th percentiles instead of mean values for the construction of TA.

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to identify influences of gender, age, and body mass on the dynamic foot morphology and foot deformation of maturing feet. Only advancements in scanner technology enable recording of foot morphology during walking. Methods: Static and dynamic foot morphology of 2554 participants (6-16 years) were measured with DynaScan4D. Different foot measures corresponding to measures used in last construction were defined. Influences of gender, age, and body mass were calculated within the whole sample by multiple linear regression analysis and within matched groups by Student's t-test. Results: The results of multiple linear regression analysis show similar patterns in boys and girls. The explained variance (R 2 ) of the differences between static and dynamic foot morphology is low. R 2 is higher for the maximum dynamic foot measures where the respective static value mainly predicts the dynamic value. Relative maximum dynamic values of foot height, width, and girth are higher in overweight, younger, and male participants. The deformation of the instep height and the angle of the fifth toe differ between overweight and normal weight participants. Between boys and girls as well as children and adolescents there are differences in the deformation of the ball area. Conclusion: There are effects of gender, age, and body mass on dynamic foot morphology and deformation. The differences are small regarding the high variability. Thus, dynamic adjustments are applicable without customising to gender, age, and body mass. However, it is important to account for the high variability and for static and dynamic situations. This should be discussed with focus on use of resilient materials. These results can improve footwear design and thus contribute to healthy foot development.

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