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Objectives To investigate the effects of gluten and inulin on breath hydrogen, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, satiety, and sensory attributes in healthy individuals. Methods A double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover design was conducted with 26 healthy adults (ages 18–39). Fasted subjects consumed a 16 oz. low FODMAP smoothie as the control. Treatment smoothies consisted of the low FODMAP base and either gluten (5g) or inulin (5g). Breath hydrogen measures were taken at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 hours. GI symptoms surveys were collected at baseline, 30 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 12, and 24 hours. VAS was collected at baseline, 10 min, 30 min, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 hours. Sensory analysis was completed after the first initial sips of smoothie consumption. Breath hydrogen, GI symptoms, and VAS scales were assessed by area under the curve using the trapezoidal rule. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate differences between treatments with P < 0.05. Results In the sample of healthy adults, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in breath hydrogen between treatments at any time point or total AUC. There was a difference for GI symptoms between the low FODMAP control and gluten treatment, with gluten producing less total GI symptoms (mean difference 2.842; p = .015). There was no difference in any sensory attribute or overall liking between treatments. There was a difference between the control and inulin treatments for hunger (MD = −3.829; p = 0.49) and fullness (MD = 3.88; p = .044) but no difference between the control and gluten (p > .05). There were no differences between treatments for satisfaction and volume of food to eat (p > .05). Conclusions In healthy adults, there were no differences in breath hydrogen measures between treatments. Overall, there were few GI symptom differences with gluten producing less total GI symptoms. These results support not limiting gluten or inulin consumption in healthy individuals as they did not lead to increased breath hydrogen or GI symptoms. Funding Sources The College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University Undergraduate Research Grant.

Objectives To investigate the relationships and differences in lifestyle factors including anxiety level, physical activity, diet, and sleep on breath hydrogen and gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with and without IBS after consumption of gluten and Inulin. Methods A double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover design was conducted with 24 non-IBS and 14 IBS participants. Fasted participants consumed a control low FODMAP smoothie and treatment smoothies that consisted of the low FODMAP base and gluten (5g) or inulin (5g). Breath hydrogen was measured at Baseline, 1, 2, and 3 hours. GI symptoms were measured at baseline, .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 12, and 24 hours. The STICSA and IPAQ-SF measured state and trait anxiety and physical activity (minutes and METS) during each treatment. The NCI Dietary Screener and PSQI surveys measured dietary intake and sleep at one time point as they assess behavior for the past 30 days. Independent t-tests were used to analyze dietary intake and sleep variables between the non-IBS and IBS groups. Spearman rho and multiple repeated ANOVA and Simple-Effect tests were used to analyze variables based on treatments. Significance was set at p < .05. Results Dietary variables, physical activity minutes and METS, and sleep did not correlate to breath hydrogen or GI symptoms for any treatment (p > .05). There were no differences between non-IBS and IBS groups in any diet variable including fruits, vegetables, fiber, dairy, added sugar, whole grains, or sleep (p > .05). There were no differences in state-somatic, state-cognitive, state-total, trait-somatic, trait-cognitive, or trait-total in either treatment or non-IBS and IBS groups (p > .05), except for the inulin treatment saw a difference in state-cognitive between non-IBS and IBS groups (MD = 4.071; p = .043) with the IBS group having more state cognitive anxiety during the inulin treatment. However, state-cognitive anxiety was not related to breath hydrogen or GI symptoms for the inulin treatment (p > .05). Conclusions In this sample of individuals with and without IBS, lifestyle factors such as dietary intake, physical activity, anxiety, and sleep did not differ significantly between groups nor was related to breath hydrogen levels or GI symptoms. Lifestyle factors may not play a large role in the development of GI symptoms. Funding Sources CSBSJU Undergraduate Research Grant.