A copper sample made of a single layer of grains is plastically deformed by uniaxial tension at room temperature and low strain rate. The deformation field is measured by means of grids deposited on the polished surface of the undeformed specimen and local orientations are recorded using electron back scattering diagrams in a scanning electron microscope. These measures are compared with simulations made by a finite element code using a physically based model for the deformation and hardening of face centered cubic crystals. A good agreement is found between measured and computed values. The simulations give access to much more detail about the history of glide in each grain and help establish which systems are active at a local level. They also provide the evolution of internal variables such as dislocation densities. A new insight into intergranular accommodation as well as intragranular heterogeneities is provided.Résumé: Un échantillon de cuivre constitué d'une seule couche de grains est déformé dans le domaine plastique par traction uniaxiale à température ambiante et à faible vitesse de déformation. Le champ de déformation est mesuré à l'aide de grilles déposées sur la surface polie de l'échantillon non déformé et les orientations locales sont enregistrées par traitement des diagrammes d'électrons rétrodiffusés dans un microscope électronique à balayage. Ces mesures sont comparées à des simulations effectuées avec un code aux éléments finis qui utilise un modèle physique pour la déformation et l'écrouissage des cristaux de structrure cubique à faces centrées. Un bon accord est trouvé entre valeurs mesurées et calculées. Les simulations donnent accès à plus de détails de l'histoire de la déformation par glissement dans chaque grain et aident à établir quels systèmes sont actifs à un niveau local. Elles fournissent aussi l'évolution de variables internes, comme les densités de dislocations. Une nouvelle approche peut ainsi être faite de l'accommodation intergranulaire et de l'hétérogénéité intragranulaire.
The analysis of wet nanocrystalline apatites by spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, solid state NMR) reveals fine, transient, structural details testifying for the existence of a structured hydrated layer on the surface of nanocrystals probably related although not identical, to the structure of octacalcium phosphate. On drying this layer loses its very fragile structure and gives a disordered assembly of ions corresponding to non-apatitic environments. The existence of a hydrated layer with mobile ionic entities due to an enhanced surface reactivity, gives nanocrystalline apatites very specific and interesting properties, which are used by living organisms in mineralised tissue and which can be utilised in material science. They allow strong intercrystalline interactions, specific adsorption properties and adhesion to other surfaces.
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