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This paper examines a framework for calculating carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-e)

Australia's urban built environment contributes significantly to the nation's greenhouse gas emissions; therefore, encouraging urban development to pursue low-carbon outcomes will aid in reducing carbon in the overall economy. Cities and urban areas are configured in precincts, which have been identified as an ideal scale for low-carbon technologies that address energy, water and waste. Even though new governance models and systems are being created to enable low-carbon precincts to operate with a degree of independence within a broader centralised utility structure, greater effort is required to refocus governance on this smaller scale of delivery. Furthermore, at this time, no consistent carbon accounting framework is in place to measure emissions or emission reductions at this scale, thereby limiting the ability to acknowledge or reward progressive, sustainable low-carbon developments. To respond to this situation, a framework is proposed that could form both the basis of a carbon certification scheme for the built environment and provide a platform for generating carbon credits from urban development.

We developed two simple, effective and consistent methods for predicting human health outcomes from physical activity in a typical urban development at a precinct scale. Considering the two primary transport outputs from an urban assessment model (vehicle kilometres travelled and mode share), we developed two methods using approaches based on the literature linking human health outcomes and transport. The two methods were applied to a case study and generated very similar results, demonstrating how a human health outcome from physical activity rates can be incorporated into an urban planning model and become part of the assessment process for urban development.我们开发了两个简单、有效、稳定的方法，在城市区划内预测典型城市开发中体力 活动人的健康状况的影响。我们利用城市评估模型得出的两种主要交通流量(机动 车行驶公里数和运具比例)，以关联交通与人类健康的文献为基础，研发了两种方 法。将这两种方法用于个案研究，得出的结果非常接近，说明可将体力活动量对健 康的影响纳入城市规划模型，使之成为城市开发评估过程中的一个环节。 KEY WORDS: Health, transport planning, walking, VKT, urban development models, urban planning

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