This paper provides a description of the risk sharing features of pension plan design in selected OECD and non-OECD countries and how they correspond with the funding rules applied to pension funds. In addition to leading to a better understanding of differences in funding rules across countries with developed pension fund systems, the study considers the trend towards risk-based regulation. While the document does not enter the debate over the application of riskbased quantitative funding requirements to pension funds (as under Basel II or Solvency II), it identifies the risk factors that should be evaluated and considered in a comprehensive risk-based regulatory approach, whether prescriptive or principles-based. The three main risk factors identified are the nature of risks and the guarantees offered under different plans designs, the extent to which benefits are conditional and can be adjusted, and the extent to which contributions may be raised to cover any funding gap. In addition, the strength of the guarantee or covenant from the sponsoring employer(s) and of insolvency guarantee arrangements should be carefully assessed when designing funding requirements.
This paper focuses on describing the international practice on the various forms of retirement benefit payment currently allowed in countries throughout the world and the regulatory environment surrounding these different forms of benefit payment. The analysis suggests considerable variance between countries. Some countries only allow one form of retirement payment, while others allow several forms or even a combination of them. Examining country practices as regard the providers of benefit payments, suggest that lump-sums and programmed withdrawals are generally provided by pension funds; while, as regard life annuities, providers varied from insurance companies, to pension funds, financial intermediaries and a centralised annuity fund. The paper ends by examining the role of taxation where a choice between different types of benefit payments is allowed. Tax provision plays a key direct or indirect role in influencing payout options. Cross country evidence is varied but suggests that there is often an unequal tax treatment of the various forms of retirement payout options JEL codes: D14,
This paper provides a description of the risk-sharing features of pension plan design in selected OECD and non-OECD countries and how they correspond with the funding rules applied to pension funds. In addition to leading to a better understanding of differences in funding rules across countries with developed pension fund systems, the study considers the trend towards risk-based regulation. While the document does not enter the debate over the application of risk-based quantitative funding requirements to pension funds (as under Basel II or Solvency II), it identifies the risk factors that should be evaluated and considered in a comprehensive risk-based regulatory approach, whether prescriptive or principles-based. The three main risk factors identified are the nature of risks and the guarantees offered under different plans designs, the extent to which benefits are conditional and can be adjusted, and the extent to which contributions may be raised to cover any funding gap. In addition, the strength of the guarantee or covenant from the sponsoring employer(s) and of insolvency guarantee arrangements should be carefully assessed when designing funding requirements. Réglementation de la capitalisation et partage des risques Ce document décrit les caractéristiques de la conception des plans de retraite dans un certain nombre de pays appartenant ou non à l‘OCDE en se plaçant sous l‘angle du partage des risques. Il vérifie en outre si ces caractéristiques correspondent aux règles de capitalisation applicables aux fonds de pension. Au-delà de sa contribution à la connaissance des différences entre les règles de capitalisation dans les pays dotés de systèmes développés de fonds de pension, l‘étude examine la tendance à l‘adoption de règles fondées sur les risques. Même si le document n‘entre pas dans le débat sur l‘application de normes quantitatives de capitalisation en fonction des risques (comme le font Bâle II ou Solvabilité II), il identifie les facteurs de risques qui doivent être évalués et examinés dans le cadre d‘une démarche globale de la réglementation fondée sur les risques, que cette démarche soit prescriptive ou qu‘elle repose sur des principes. Les trois principaux facteurs de risques identifiés sont la nature des risques et les garanties proposées par les différents concepts de plans, la conditionnalité et les possibilités d‘ajustement des prestations, et les possibilités de relèvement des cotisations en cas de capitalisation insuffisante. En outre, il convient d‘évaluer soigneusement la solidité de la garantie ou des engagements relevant de la responsabilité du ou des employeurs à l‘initiative du plan lors de la mise au point des conditions de capitalisation.fair value, defined contribution, risk sharing, funding, defined benefit, hybrid plans, pension fund, fonds de pension, capitalisation, prestation définie, plans hybrides, juste valeur, cotisations définies, partage des risques
ABSTRACT/RÉSUMÉ Funding Rules and Actuarial MethodsThis paper outlines the regulatory framework within which occupational defined benefit pension plans are financed and addresses the challenges facing the funding of such plans. The Appendices include a summary and discussion of the funding regulations in twelve OECD countries plus Brazil -all of which have a long history of DB plans. The paper draws on these experiences in these countries and develops recommendations for the future regulation of pension plan funding in OECD countries and elsewhere.The paper addresses such central issues as the types of funding and actuarial costing methods that could be considered as best practice. It identifies the challenges facing regulatory authority in establishing appropriate minimum funding requirements and maximum funding limitations. In particular, the paper analyses the different approaches taken by various regulators in light of the problems experienced by plan sponsors since the early years of the 21 st century. Finally, the paper addresses the sometimes uneven risk sharing of funding shortfalls and funding excesses (surpluses) between plan sponsors and plan members. All of these issues still are being actively debated, and regulations already are being changed. JEL codes: G18, G23, J32Keywords: regulation; pension fund; defined benefit plan; occupational pension plan; funding requirements; actuarial costing methods. ***** Règles de financement et méthodes actuariellesCe document décrit le cadre réglementaire dans lequel s'insèrent les plans de pensions professionnelles à prestations définies et examine les défis posés par le financement de ces plans. Les appendices sont consacrés à une présentation des règles de financement en vigueur dans 12 pays de l'OCDE plus le Brésil -tous pays qui ont une longue histoire de plans à prestations définies. Le document recense les expériences menées dans ces pays et formule des recommandations en vue de la réglementation du financement des plans de pensions à l'avenir, dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans d'autres pays.Cette étude traite des questions centrales que sont, par exemple, le type de financement et les méthodes d'évaluation actuarielles que l'on peut considérer comme constituant des pratiques optimales. Il identifie les défis auxquels se trouvent confrontées les instances de réglementation lorsqu'il s'agit de définir des exigences de financement minimales et, à l'inverse, des plafonds de financement. En particulier, il analyse les différences d'approche des régulateurs face aux problèmes qu'ont rencontrés les promoteurs de plans, au tout début du 21 ème siècle. Enfin, le document traite du partage des risques, parfois inégal, entre les promoteurs du plan et les membres du plan en cas de déficit de financement et, à l'inverse, d'excédent de financement (sur-capitalisation). Toutes ces questions sont activement débattues et les réglementations sont déjà en cours de révision. This report outlines the regulatory framework within which defined benefit (DB) pension plans are fina...
This paper focuses on describing the international practice on the various forms of retirement benefit payment currently allowed in countries throughout the world and the regulatory environment surrounding these different forms of benefit payment. The analysis suggests considerable variance between countries. Some countries only allow one form of retirement payment, while others allow several forms or even a combination of them. Examining country practices as regard the providers of benefit payments, suggest that lump-sums and programmed withdrawals are generally provided by pension funds; while, as regard life annuities, providers varied from insurance companies, to pension funds, financial intermediaries and a centralised annuity fund. The paper ends by examining the role of taxation where a choice between different types of benefit payments is allowed. Tax provision plays a key direct or indirect role in influencing payout options. Cross country evidence is varied but suggests that there is often an unequal tax treatment of the various forms of retirement payout options. Les différentes formes de prestations de retraite Pour l‘essentiel, ce document décrit les pratiques internationales en vigueur concernant les formes de prestations de retraite actuellement autorisées dans le monde, ainsi que les dispositifs réglementaires qui les régissent. Cette analyse fait ressortir de profondes disparités entre les pays. Certains n‘autorisent en effet qu‘un seul type de prestations, alors que dans d‘autres, plusieurs formules peuvent être envisagées, voir associées. S‘agissant des prestataires, l‘examen des pratiques nationales tend à montrer que les sorties en capital et les retraits programmés sont généralement proposés par des fonds de pension, alors que les rentes viagères sont servies par des compagnies d‘assurance, des fonds de pension, des intermédiaires financiers ou une caisse de retraite centralisée. Ce document s‘achève sur une analyse du rôle joué par la fiscalité lorsque plusieurs types de prestations sont possibles. Les dispositions fiscales exercent alors directement ou indirectement une influence décisive sur le choix des modes de sortie. Les données comparatives concernant les différents pays sont hétérogènes, mais laissent supposer que les divers modes de sortie sont rarement soumis au même régime fiscal.taxation, pension fund, centralized annuity fund, financial intermediaries, life annuities, lump-sums, programmed withdrawal, regulatory environment, benefit payments at retirement, insurance companies, dispositif réglementaire, sorties en capital, caisse de retraite centralisée, prestations de retraite, retrait programmé, fiscalité, compagnie d’assurances, intermédiaires financiers, fonds de pension, rente viagère
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