The detailed characterisation of middle distillates is essential for a better understanding of reactions involved in refining process. Owing to higher resolution power and enhanced sensitivity, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) is a powerful tool for improving characterisation of petroleum samples. The aim of this paper is to compare GC x GC and various ASTM methods -- gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) -- for group type separation and detailed hydrocarbon analysis. Best features of GC x GC are demonstrated and compared to these techniques in terms of cost, time consumption and accuracy. In particular, a new approach of simulated distillation (SimDis-GC x GC) is proposed: compared to the standard method ASTM D2887 it gives unequal information for better understanding of conversion process.
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) has been investigated for the characterization of high valuable petrochemical samples from dehydrogenation of n-paraffins, Fischer-Tropsch and oligomerization processes. GC x GC separations, performed using a dual-jets CO2 modulator, were optimized using a test mixture representative of the hydrocarbons found in petrochemicals. For complex samples, a comparison of GC x GC qualitative and quantitative results with conventional gas chromatography (1D-GC) has demonstrated an improved resolution power of major importance for the processes: the group type separation has permitted the detection of aromatic compounds in the products from dehydrogenation of n-paraffins and from oligomerization, and the separation of alcohols from other hydrocarbons in Fischer-Tropsch products.
Résumé -Chromatographie en phase gazeuse bidimensionnelle pour l'analyse détaillée des produits pétroliers -La chromatographie gazeuse bidimensionnelle intégrale (CG×CG) représente une avancée majeure pour l'analyse détaillée des produits pétroliers. Cette technique est fondée sur deux dimensions orthogonales que forme l'association de deux colonnes de CG de sélectivités de séparation différentes. L'échantillonnage à haute fréquence à l'interface des deux colonnes permet que la totalité du produit soit transférée et analysée dans les deux dimensions. Ainsi, la capacité de pics et le pouvoir résolutif sont nettement accrus. En outre, les chromatogrammes 2D sont structurés en fonction des propriétés de volatilité et de polarité des hydrocarbures ce qui facilite leur identification. Dans cet article sont présentés les concepts et le principe de mise en oeuvre de la CG×CG. Un système prototype a été développé à l'IFP comprenant notamment un modulateur à double-jets de CO 2 et un logiciel de posttraitement pour la visualisation et l'intégration des chromatogrammes. Les exemples d'application choisis illustrent le potentiel de la technique pour la caractérisation détaillée de distillats moyens, la spéciation de composés soufrés dans les gazoles et l'analyse approfondie des effluents de procédés pétrochimiques.
Abstract -Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography for Detailed Characterisation of Petroleum Products -Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is a major advance for the detailed characterisation of petroleum products. This technique is based on two orthogonal dimensions of separation achieved by two chromatographic capillary columns of different chemistries and selectivities. High-frequency sampling between the two columns is achieved by
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