BackgroundThe all-inside cruciate ligament graft preparation technique has become popular due to its utility in sparing a growing physis, preserving a tendon in ACL surgery, and/or reduction of pain. However, few studies have compared graft preparation techniques to determine the ideal construct for cruciate ligament reconstruction. We sought to compare biomechanical properties of two quadrupled all-inside cruciate ligament graft preparation techniques and three alternative all-inside graft preparation techniques that may be used when the available tendon is too short to be quadrupled.MethodsFifty porcine extensor tendons were evenly divided into five groups (n = 10) representing all-inside graft preparation techniques, including two quadrupled (Quad-A, Quad-B) and three alternative methods (Tripled, Folded, Two-Doubled). Each graft construct underwent preconditioning (10 loading cycles from 20 to 50 N at 0.1 Hz), cyclic loading (500 loading cycles from 50 to 250 N at 1.0 Hz) and load-to-failure (tension applied at 20 mm/min).ResultsQuad-A and Quad-B demonstrated no significant differences in cyclic displacement (10.5 ± 0.3 vs 11.7 ± 0.4 mm; p = 0.915), cyclic stiffness (1086.2 ± 487.3 vs 460.4 ± 71.4 N/mm; p = 0.290), pullout stiffness (15.9 ± 4.3 vs 7.4 ± 4.4 N/mm; p = 0.443), ultimate failure load (641.2 ± 84.7 vs 405.9 ± 237.4 N; p = 0.672), or ultimate failure displacement (47.3 ± 6.7 vs 55.5 ± 0.7 mm; p = 0.778). The mean cyclic displacement of the Two-Doubled group was significantly greater than the Quad-A (29.7 ± 2.2 vs 10.5 ± 0.3 mm; p < 0.001), Quad-B (29.7 ± 2.2 vs 11.7 ± 0.4 mm; p < 0.001), Tripled (29.7 ± 2.2 vs 11.3 ± 0.2 mm; p < 0.001), and Folded group (29.7 ± 2.2 vs 13.3 ± 0.2 mm; p < 0.001). There were no other statistically significant differences between the three alternative all-inside graft preparation techniques.ConclusionThe current study demonstrates the biomechanical properties of two quadrupled all-inside graft constructs, Quad-A and Quad-B, are not significantly different. When the available tendon is of insufficient length, the Two-Doubled group demonstrated more than twice the cyclic displacement of all other graft preparation techniques, and is therefore not recommended for use in all-inside cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Objectives:The all-inside technique for knee cruciate ligament reconstruction has gained popularity for its potential to preserve tissue and bone stock, and improve visualization during surgery in the setting of a socket vs. a tunnel approach. Various techniques of graft preparation have been described for use in all-inside reconstruction, but to our knowledge no study has compared the various techniques presently being used. This study is a biomechanical comparison of 5 graft preparation techniques used for all-inside cruciate ligament reconstruction, including 2 different methods of quadrupling the graft, and 3 alternative methods used when the available tendon is not long enough to be quadrupled.Methods:Fresh frozen porcine extensor tendons were randomized between 5 groups, including 2 quadrupled groups: Quad-A and Quad-B, and 3 alternative groups: Tripled, Folded, and Two-Doubled, (see Figure 1) with a total N=50. Within each group, 10 specimens were prepared using the designated technique, and subsequently underwent preconditioning (10 loading cycles from 20-50N at 0.1Hz), cyclic loading (500 loading cycles from 50-250N at 1.0Hz) and load-to-failure (applied at 20mm/min). Displacement (mm) and force (N) were measured throughout testing. Cyclic displacement (mm), cyclic stiffness (N/mm), pullout stiffness (N/mm), ultimate failure load (N), and ultimate failure displacement (mm) were the primary endpoints used to compare the grafts.Results:Quad-A and Quad-B demonstrated no significant difference in cyclic displacement (10.51±0.46 and 11.74±0.45, respectively; p >0.05), cyclic stiffness (1086±488.5 and 460.4±71.7, respectively; p>0.05), pullout stiffness (15.87±4.26 and 7.42±4.41, respectively; p>0.05), ultimate failure load (641.2±84.7 and 405.9±237.4, respectively; p>0.05), or ultimate failure displacement (47.35±6.72 and 55.5±0.73, respectively; p>0.05). The Tripled, Folded and Two-Doubled groups differed significantly in terms of cyclic displacement (11.34±0.37, 13.26±0.29 and 28.75±0.83, respectively; p<0.001). There were no significant differences in cyclic stiffness (385.4±48.2, 243.5±36.3 and 210.5±47.2, respectively; p>0.05), pullout stiffness (0.95±0.77, 2.06±2.01 and 1.99±1.62, respectively; p>0.05), ultimate failure load (73.26±59.73, 143.4±140.0 and 128.6±108.3, respectively; p>0.05), or ultimate failure displacement (76.43±0.6, 69.71±0.45 and 55.35±6.06, respectively; p>0.05).Conclusion:The 2 quadrupled techniques demonstrated no significant difference in any of the primary endpoints measured. The 3 alternative methods differed significantly in cyclic displacement, with no significant difference in any other primary endpoints. The Tripled group had the smallest cyclic displacement, followed by the Folded group, and finally, the Two-Doubled group showed greater than twice the cyclic displacement of the other groups. Thus, when surgeons are selecting an alternative graft preparation technique due to insufficient length of the available tendon, the Tripled technique is recommended over the Folded tec...