Accurate static dipole polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities are calculated for the ground states of the Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ar atoms. The finite-field computations use energies obtained with various ab initio methods including Moller-Plesset perturbation theory and the coupled cluster approach. Excellent agreement with experiment is found for argon. The experimental alpha for Al is likely to be in error. Only limited comparisons are possible for the other atoms because hyperpolarizabilities have not been reported previously for most of these atoms. Our recommended values of the mean dipole polarizability (in the order Al-Ar) are alpha/e(2)a(0) (2)E(h) (-1)=57.74, 37.17, 24.93, 19.37, 14.57, and 11.085 with an error estimate of +/-0.5%. The recommended values of the mean second dipole hyperpolarizability (in the order Al-Ar) are gamma/e(4)a(0) (4)E(h) (-3)=2.02 x 10(5), 4.31 x 10(4), 1.14 x 10(4), 6.51 x 10(3), 2.73 x 10(3), and 1.18 x 10(3) with an error estimate of +/-2%. Our recommended polarizability anisotropy values are Deltaalpha/e(2)a(0) (2)E(h) (-1)=-25.60, 8.41, -3.63, and 1.71 for Al, Si, S, and Cl respectively, with an error estimate of +/-1%. The recommended hyperpolarizability anisotropies are Deltagamma/e(4)a(0) (4)E(h) (-3)=-3.88 x 10(5), 4.16 x 10(4), -7.00 x 10(3), and 1.65 x 10(3) for Al, Si, S, and Cl, respectively, with an error estimate of +/-4%.

Currently available theoretical and experimental estimates of the static dipole polarizabilities (a), second dipole hyperpolarizabilities (7), quadrupole polarizabilities (a q ), and dipole-dipole-quadrupole hyperpolarizabilities (B) of the ground states of the atoms are critically reviewed. Recommended values are presented in tabular form.

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Molecular polarizabilities and derivatives with respect to CC, CH, SiSi and SIH stretching modes were obtained from ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the HF/6-311G (3df,3pd) level for 14 molecules: ethene, cyclopropene, cyclobutadiene, cyclopentadiene, cis-and trans-butadiene, transhexatriene, benzene, naphthalene and the silanes Si1 to Si5. Factors governing the trends in the intensities include conformation, chain length, location and orientation of a bond within the molecular framework. The results are compared with those from earlier studies on saturated alkanes and other work on conducting polymers.

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