The emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from fossil fuels has received worldwide attention because it has been implicated in climate change, which threatens economies and environments. Accordingly, new materials that can capture CO 2 from the burning of fossil fuels efficiently, economically, and with potential energy savings must be developed. The traditional technology for the capture of CO 2 in industry is chemical adsorption by an aqueous solution of amine, which has some advantages, such as low cost, good reactivity, and high capacity.[1] However, this process for the capture of CO 2 is highly energy intensive owing to the thermodynamic properties of water and high enthalpy of absorption.[2] It is estimated that the output of energy would drop by about 30 % when this capture technology was applied at coal-fired power plants, which significantly increases the cost of energy.[3] Currently, the goal is to design industrial attractive sorbent materials with high capacity and energy-saving for CO 2 capture.Ionic liquids (ILs) offer a new opportunity for addressing this challenge to develop novel CO 2 capture systems because of their unique properties, including negligible vapor pressures, high thermal stabilities, and tunable properties.[4] A great deal of effort has focused on the experimental and theoretical studies on the physical absorption of CO 2 in ILs.[5]The enthalpy of CO 2 physical absorption by ILs is about 20 kJ mol À1 , indicating that only a quarter energy is required to release the physical absorbed CO 2 from ILs in the regeneration step relative to amine solution method.[6] However, the absorption capacity of CO 2 by these ILs is up to about 3 mol % under atmospheric pressure. Another strategy is based on the chemisorption for CO 2 capture by task-specific ILs. Davis and co-workers [7] reported the first example of CO 2 chemisorption that employs an amino-functionalized IL; in their work, 0.5 mol CO 2 was captured per mole of IL under ambient pressure. Subsequently, some other amino-functionalized ILs, including sulfone anions with ammonium cations and amino acid anions with imidazolium or phosphonium cations, were reported for the capture of CO 2 .[8] Recently, a novel method for the capture of CO 2 in a 1:1 manner by superbase-derived protic ILs and substituted aprotic ILs using the reactivity of anion was reported.[9] Normally, the chemisorption has high absorption capacity for CO 2 along with high energy requirement for regeneration.[10] One commonly used parameter to access the regeneration energy requirement is the enthalpy of CO 2 absorption. We need reduce the enthalpy of absorption to design the energy-saving ILs for CO 2 capture. Then, how can we design suitable chemical structures of ILs to reduce the enthalpy of CO 2 chemisorption? Can we prepare highly stable ILs for energy-saving and equimolar CO 2 capture?Herein, we present a strategy to tune the enthalpy of CO 2 absorption by tunable basic ionic liquids, which were prepared by neutralizing weak proton donors with different pK a valu...

Cortical GABAergic inhibitory interneurons have crucial roles in the development and function of the cerebral cortex. In rodents, nearly all neocortical interneurons are generated from the subcortical ganglionic eminences. In humans and nonhuman primates, however, the developmental origin of neocortical GABAergic interneurons remains unclear. Here we show that the expression patterns of several key transcription factors in the developing primate telencephalon are very similar to those in rodents, delineating the three main subcortical progenitor domains (the medial, lateral and caudal ganglionic eminences) and the interneurons tangentially migrating from them. On the basis of the continuity of Sox6, COUP-TFII and Sp8 transcription factor expression and evidence from cell migration and cell fate analyses, we propose that the majority of primate neocortical GABAergic interneurons originate from ganglionic eminences of the ventral telencephalon. Our findings reveal that the mammalian neocortex shares basic rules for interneuron development, substantially reshaping our understanding of the origin and classification of primate neocortical interneurons.

A general strategy for the synthesis of porous, fluorescent, triazine-framework-based membranes with intrinsic porosity through an aromatic nitrile trimerization reaction is presented. The essence of this strategy lies in the use of a superacid to catalyze the cross-linking reaction efficiently at a low temperature, allowing porous polymer membrane architectures to be facilely derived. With functionalized triazine units, the membrane exhibits an increased selectivity for membrane separation of CO(2) over N(2). The good ideal CO(2)/N(2) selectivity of 29 ± 2 was achieved with a CO(2) permeability of 518 ± 25 barrer. Through this general synthesis protocol, a new class of porous polymer membranes with tunable functionalities and porosities can be derived, significantly expanding the currently limited library of polymers with intrinsic microporosity for synthesizing functional membranes in separation, catalysis, and energy storage/conversion.