Objective-To document the injury rate in three British Shotokan karate championships in consecutive years. In these tournaments strict rules governed contact, with only "light" or "touch" contact allowed. Protective padding for the head, hands, or feet was prohibited. Methods-Prospective recording of injuries resulting from 1770 bouts in three national competitions of 1996, 1997, and 1998. Details of ages and years of karate experience were also obtained. Results-160 injuries were sustained in 1770 bouts. The overall rate of injury was 0.09 per bout and 0.13 per competitor. 91 (57%) injuries were to the head. The average age of those injured was 22 years, with an average of nine years of experience in karate. Conclusions-The absence of protective padding does not result in higher injury rates than in most other series of Shotokan karate injuries. Strict refereeing is essential, however, to maintain control and minimise contact. (Br J Sports Med 1999;33:174-177)

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This study was undertaken to extend the training of original responses demonstrated in word-association tests to that of word-problems. A 198-item program was given to 48 fifth-grade subjects of Caucasian military dependents, and resident Hawaiian students, including boys and girls. Subjects worked in 12 teams of 4 subjects. 48 subjects matched in academic ability in the same fifth grade served as controls. After the program, subjects produced more original responses to new problems, and made larger gains in reading comprehension and solving word-problems in mathematics, and subjects identified as “behavior problems” became more manageable than similar control subjects. The extensive response of experimental subjects suggests that gains may have resulted from motivational as well as, or in addition to, specific training in generating original responses. No differences between ethnic groups or sexes emerged.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of two binocular visual fields upon the tendency to employ certain artributive terms. 62 Ss described their “subjective” impressions of a fused (Ganzfeld) and rivalry field along 30 bipolar rating dimensions, and 24 (80%) of the scales significantly differentiated the fields ( p < .01). Thus, reversibility experiences, such as binocular rivalry and figure reversal, may be understood in terms of Osgood's semantic framework.