It has been over a century since Perls described the first case of choroidal metastasis. For the next six decades only 230 cases were described in the literature. Today, however, ocular metastasis is recognized as the most common intraocular malignancy. Thanks to recent advances in treatment options for metastatic disease, patients are living longer, and choroidal metastases will become an increasingly important issue for oncologists and ophthalmologists alike. We summarize the current knowledge of choroidal metastases and examine their emerging systemic and local therapies. Targeted therapies for metastatic lung, breast, and colon cancer—the most common causes of choroidal metastases—are reviewed in detail with the goal of identifying the most effective treatment strategies.

IMPORTANCE Extended follow-up of treated and untreated retinopathy in incontinentia pigmenti (IP) has not previously been documented, to our knowledge.OBJECTIVE To determine which eyes with IP are at risk for retinal detachment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSObservational cohort study of patients with IP who were retrospectively identified at a tertiary care academic center between 1976 and 2013. Fifty eyes of 25 female participants meeting clinical criteria for IP were followed up for at least 6 months. The last year of follow-up was between 1987 and 2014.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Progression of retinopathy or the development of retinal detachment was assessed with fluorescein angiography, clinical examination, or both. RESULTSThe median duration of follow-up was 9.3 years (range, 0.5-22.8 years). Over this period, 11 eyes (22%; 95% CI, 11%-33%) developed retinal detachment. The odds of retinal detachment were increased if there was retinal neovascularization (odds ratio, 11.61; 95% CI, 1.34-100.56; P = .03) or ischemic optic neuropathy (odds ratio, 5.27; 95% CI, 1.61-17.23; P = .006) on initial examination. A bimodal distribution of retinal detachments was observed, with most tractional detachments (7 eyes) occurring by age 2.5 years (median, 1.5 years; range, 14 days-7.0 years) and most rhegmatogenous detachments (4 eyes) occurring in adults (median age, 31.5 years; range, 14.0-47.0 years). Three eyes of young patients (Յ2.5 years) developed tractional detachment, despite prophylactic ablation in 4 eyes; only one eye of older patients (Ն14.0 years) developed retinal detachment following prophylactic ablation in 6 eyes. Persistent fetal vasculature appears to occur more commonly in IP (14%; 95% CI, 4%-25%) than in the general population.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE All eyes with retinopathy due to IP should be monitored throughout adulthood for the development of retinal complications. During infancy and early childhood, ophthalmoscopic examination should be performed frequently so that prompt treatment can be initiated if there is progressive disease. Because of the nonrandomized nature of this study, the indications for prophylactic ablation and its success rate remain uncertain. Patients with less than 6 months of follow-up were excluded from the analysis, which could have biased this study cohort toward patients with more severe or less severe disease.

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IMPORTANCE Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare, X-linked dominant disease with potentially severe ocular complications that predominantly affect the peripheral retina. However, little is known about its effects on the macula. OBJECTIVE To describe the structural and vascular abnormalities observed in the maculas of patients with IP and to correlate these findings with peripheral pathologies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective, cross-sectional study at Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University. Five participants with a clinical diagnosis of IP were included and underwent multimodal imaging with ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography (FA), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The structural and vascular abnormalities observed on spectral-domain OCT and OCT angiography and their correlation with peripheral pathologies seen on ultra-wide-field FA. RESULTS A total of 9 eyes from 5 patients (median age, 20.5 years; range, 8.4-54.2 years) were included. Median Snellen visual acuity was 20/32 (range, 20/16 to 20/63). ultra-wide-field FA-identified retinal vascular abnormalities in all 7 eyes in which FA was obtained. These abnormalities included microaneurysms, areas of nonperfusion, and vascular anastomoses, most of which were peripheral to the standard view of 30°FA with peripheral sweeps. Structural abnormalities were observed in 6 eyes on spectral-domain OCT, including inner retinal thinning and irregularities in the outer plexiform layer. Optical coherence tomography angiography abnormalities were noted in all 9 eyes, including decreased vascular density, abnormal vascular loops, and flow loss in the superficial and deep plexuses, which corresponded to areas of retinal thinning on spectral-domain OCT. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although our study is limited by the small sample size, the findings suggest that multimodal imaging is useful for detecting structural and vascular abnormalities that may not be apparent on ophthalmoscopy in patients with IP. Macular pathologies, especially a decrease in vascular density on OCT angiography, are common. Further studies are needed to characterize further the association between macular and peripheral abnormalities in patients with IP.

Progressive posterior chorioretinal changes occurred over time in the initial ADVIRC proband, leading to visual loss. The causative mutation in this patient falls in the transmembrane domain of the BEST1 protein, with unclear functional consequences. Although previous studies showed alteration in pre-mRNA splicing, in vitro splicing assays failed to demonstrate this in our patient.