An upsurge in popularity of homestays has provided newer economic opportunities to remote Indian Himalayan communities. Despite the benefits homestays offer, their acceptance by mountain communities is fraught with challenges. This qualitative research study has listened to and given voice to homestay scheme non-participants, community members from 15 villages in the Kullu region. Through thematic analysis, rational, understandable reasons leading to decisions not to engage are identified: socio-cultural; practical and apprehensions. Reasons include an inability to comply with certain guidelines of the scheme, inadequacy in sanitary infrastructure, gender roles, complex socio-cultural issues and also home model issues, which all condition the scheme implementation. The concept of 'deliberate non-participation' is advanced which extends previous typologies of community participation. Further theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed along with recommendations for future development of the homestay scheme.

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Despite the existence of measurement indicators for the social impacts of festivals, there has been limited research on how communities feel part of and contribute to the festival experience. This study examines how festivals involve local people and identifies ways of appraising and widening community participation. To this end, the organizers of four community-based festivals in edinburgh were interviewed and a focus group discussion featuring members of the public with a community interest was held. By combining relevant literature with the primary research findings, a framework to assess community involvement in festivals is proposed consisting of five indicators: involvement of schools; volunteering opportunities; participation in decision making; accessibility; and business cooperation. After further development and testing, the proposed framework could help organizers, councils, and tourism bodies improve their understanding and identify better ways of involving local people in the festivals that impact on their communities.

. Four different approaches are identifi ed ranging from maintaining the status quo to a common tourism policy. It is concluded that because of the complexities of the institutional environment for tourism and the diversity of opinion among stakeholders, a signifi cant change in the status quo is unlikely to happen. Copyright

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine the pattern of part-time working amongst a cohort of full time hospitality and tourism students studying at a university in Scotland. Design/methodology/approach -Students studying hospitality and tourism management were chosen due to the vocational nature of their program and the part-time opportunities available in the hospitality industry. A questionnaire was developed to investigate the extent of part-time employment amongst hospitality and tourism students. The questionnaire solicited demographic information, level, type and extent of part-time employment. The questionnaire also explored students' impressions of the benefits of part-time working, their likes and dislikes in their part-time employment and what they felt might be done to develop the relationship between the parties involved in part-time work. Findings -Evaluating responses from 150 students, the study found that almost two thirds of this cohort were engaged in part-time employment and had been with their current employer for an average of 14 months. Focussing on aspects of gender and nationality the study identified that females were more likely to have a part-time job and students from Eastern European countries worked significantly longer hours than their peers. Practical implications -It is suggested that educators more fully recognise the constraints of contemporary student life and consider the provision of flexible teaching methods, part-time contacts and formal credit for students' part-time work. Originality/value -The paper concurs with previous research into the extent of part-time working amongst students and it found that students from Eastern Europe were more likely to work part-time and that all students would like more recognition of their employment commitments.