Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among perceived stress, burnout and depression in a sample of athletes. It was hypothesized that stress is an antecedent of burnout and depression a possible consequence of both stress and burnout. Method: A sample of 453 athletes participated in the study. Stress and depression were measured with Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and athlete burnout with Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data analysis was conducted under the approach of structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: The direct effects of stress on burnout and depression were .66 and .24, respectively, and the direct effect of burnout on depression .53, all of them significant (p<.001). Stress accounted for 43% of the variance of burnout, and jointly stress and burnout for 50% of the variance of depression. Indexes of overall model fit were: χ2 (224)= 520.881 (p < .001), χ2/df = 2.32, Goodness of fit index (GFI) = .91, Comparative fit index (CFI) = .89, Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .054 (90% confidence interval, .048-.060), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = .063. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the relationship among stress, burnout and depression in an only model.
Abstract. Studies of political participation have traditionally differentiated conventional from non‐conventional, legal from illegal, modes of participation. In this paper we to develop a more complex scheme, using the technique of multidimensional scaling (MDS). We look at the perceptions that individuals hold about different forms of political participation that range from voting to armed violence and include other legal or illegal manifestations. The results show the existence of two meaningful underlying dimensions. The first relates to ‘within‐system’versus ‘out‐of‐system’activities; the second relates to ‘progressive’versus ‘conservative’activities. A cluster analysis is then used to develop a typology of political participation.
In this paper, we offer a general version of the Spanish adaptation of Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) designed to measure the syndrome of burnout in athletes of different sports. In previous works, the Spanish version of ABQ was administered to different samples of soccer players. Its psychometric properties were appropriate and similar to the findings in original ABQ. The purpose of this study was to examine the generalization to others sports of the Spanish adaptation. We started from this adaptation, but we included three alternative statements (one for each dimension of the questionnaire), and we replaced the word "soccer" with the word "sport". An 18-item version was administered to a sample of 487 athletes aged 13 and 29 years old. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the factor structure, but two items modification were necessary in order to obtain a good overall fit of the model. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the questionnaire were satisfactory.En el presente estudio se ofrece una versión genérica de la adaptación española del Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) para medir el síndrome de burnout en diversas modalidades deportivas. En investigaciones anteriores, la versión española del ABQ fue aplicada a diferentes muestras de futbolistas españoles, logrando unas propiedades psicométricas adecuadas, similares a las encontradas en el ABQ original. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en comprobar el grado de generalización a otros deportes de la adaptación española. Se partió de esta adaptación a la que se le añadieron tres ítems con enunciados alternativos (uno para cada dimensión del cuestionario) y se sustituyó la palabra fútbol por deporte. Este cuestionario de 18 ítems fue aplicado a 487 deportistas con un rango de edad entre los 13 y los 29 años. Análisis factoriales confirmatorios replicaron la estructura factorial, pero fueron necesarias dos re-especificaciones para conseguir un buen ajuste. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, se refirieron valores aceptables tanto de consistencia interna como de estabilidad. Palabras clave: ABQ, adaptación, burnout, deportistas, generalización.
Resumen: En este trabajo se ha estudiado la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en una muestra de 442 deportistas y la relación entre padecer el síndrome, o algunas de sus dimensiones, y algunas variables significativas en el ámbito del deporte (género de los deportistas, edad, nivel competitivo y volumen de entrenamiento). Se aplicaron dos instrumentos de medida del burnout en deportistas, el Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Revisado (IBD-R) y el Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Para el análisis de datos (estadísticos descriptivos, distribución de frecuencias, pruebas t y análisis de varianza) se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS. Se han obtenido porcentajes similares sobre la prevalencia del síndrome con ambos cuestionarios. Cerca de un 4% padece el síndrome, existiendo ciertas diferencias en relación al género, nivel deportivo y volumen de entrenamiento. Los resultados nos hacen reflexionar acerca de la relevancia que tiene la prevalencia del síndrome en este entorno, y se plantean algunas estrategias de futuro encaminadas a su prevención.
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