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Hybridization of various Streptomyces cattleya aerial mycelium negative (Amy-) mutants with a probe containing the gene for argininosuccinate synthetase (pTG17) has revealed the presence of two different types of mutants (stable and unstable). Stable mutants appear to have lost all or part of the region covered by the probe, while the unstable mutants demonstrate no detectable changes in this region. In one group of stable mutants (those demonstrating a partial loss of sequences hybridizing to the probe), a 4.17 kb extrachromosomal element was detected, which hybridized with the pTG17 probe. The significance of this finding is discussed with reference to the genetic instability of the genus Streptomyces.

This paper probes the relationship between systemic thinking and ethics. A distinction is made between systemic thinking and systems thinking to illustrate debates around the ethical issues of tackling societal issues in a systemic way. Drawing on three prominent ethical theories, namely utilitarianism, deontological theory and virtue ethics, the argument that systemic thinking should embrace ethics is developed. This article suggests that systemic thinking fosters the virtue of toleration; defends the autonomous human right; and promotes good for the people in an equitable fashion.