An experimental investigation is presented in which the growth and evaporation of the microlayer underlying a bubble forming on a glass heater surface has been studied using laser interferometry and high speed photography. The results presented for a single bubble indicate that the microlayer thickness is of the order of 5 μm. Subsequent analysis of these results confirms that the microlayer evaporation phenomenon is a significant heat transfer mechanism, representing approximately 25 percent of the total nucleate boiling heat transfer rate for the conditions investigated.

Abstract. Several world governments are now formulating policies that introduce massive increases of renewable technologies without a detailed Environmental Analysis. This happens, in-spite of the fact that most of the "renewable" technologies harvest energy from large, global scale, naturally existing, warming and cooling Earth systems (see note 4 at the end of this document). This is likely happening because we have been conditioned to think only in terms of CO 2 as a direct danger to our global environment. Since the renewable technologies do not produce CO 2 during their operation, then it has been assumed that an Environmental Analysis is not necessary.But increase in CO 2 -an otherwise necessary plant food molecule -is avoided only because of its unique ability to cause some warming -proportional to its presence in our atmosphere. This means that it is this small extrawarming that we want to avoid if possible, not the CO 2 itself. Furthermore, this "CO 2 warming" seems to be only one of several anthropogenic contributors to the "undesirable warming". Are there other contributors to anthropogenic global warming which we have neglected? This is what this study suggests that is happening with regards to a massive deployment of renewables. The conclusions suggest that there are additional Carbonless Anthropogenic Global Warming (CAGW) processes which we have neglected to consider and which increase our Global Heat Flux Density, and hence temperature. Some of these heat fluxes likely result from the hasty introduction of renewable technologies, without a complete environmental analysis. Another heat source is the total energy that humanity is generating with all technologies. Most of it ends up as heat in our atmosphere.A preliminary study has been conducted on the three popular renewable energy technologies: -hydro, solar and wind, to identify and possibly quantify if extraction and harvesting of energy from nature impacts locally and hence globally the heat flux density, thus altering the temperature, of the Earth system.It has been noted that so far, environmental scientists have been dealing with measuring, averaging and projecting global temperatures. But variability of these temperatures results from variabilities in the density of incoming and outgoing heat fluxes. This thermodynamic analysis focuses on these heat fluxes along with conservation of energy for our Global Earth system. This study suggests, that while all three of these renewable technologies mitigate the direct production and release of CO 2 ; solar panels are likely causing increasing rates of incoming heat intake, which results in extra heat added to the Earth system. Wind turbines are likely causing decreasing rates of heat dissipation or cooling, which also increases the heat energy retained by the Earth system. Hydro does not involve global heat fluxes and seems to be thermally neutral. Consequently, two out of the three renewable technologies -solar and wind -seem to be causing an increased global heat flux density and hence temperatu...