This study demonstrated that CD-related histological lesions are always present in the bulb; sometimes this specific site is the only one affected. Therefore, we suggest taking 2 biopsies from the bulb and 2 from the distal duodenum for CD diagnosis.

European pediatricians entering data in the register used 27 different regimens. Bismuth-containing therapies resulted in higher eradication rate. Omeprazole-containing triple therapies were the most used although their efficacy was low. Therapies recommended for adults do not appear to be suitable for children.

Clostridium difficile is a sporogenic, anaerobic, Gram-positive, emerging enteric pathogen. It represents the most common cause of health care-associated diarrhoea in the United States, with significantly associated morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Historically regarded as a little more than an innocent coloniser bystander of the gastrointestinal tract of children, C difficile has increasingly demonstrated its behaviour as a true pathogen in the paediatric age groups. This organism may be responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases in children, ranging from self-limiting secretory diarrhoea to life-threatening conditions, such as pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, intestinal perforation, and septic shock. The incidence and severity of C difficile infection are, however, not completely understood in this population. In particular, although asymptomatic carriage remains high among infants, the clinical significance of detecting C difficile in children aged 1 to 3 years is not fully understood. Moreover, recent epidemiological surveillance has demonstrated a rise in the incidence of C difficile infection, particularly in the community and in low-risk settings. Interestingly, such cases may not show the disease pattern to be associated with typical risk factors, such as recent exposure to antimicrobial drugs or on-going contacts with the health care system.The purpose of the present review is to present the features of C difficile infection that are unique to paediatric patients and to update paediatricians on information and recommendations regarding C difficile infection in children.