Waterlogged wood samples 300 to 100,000 years old of Picea abies, Pinus silvestris and Quercus sp. from northern Europe (Norway, Sweden) that had been preserved in a glacier, burial grounds, house settlements, harbour installations and sunken ships in the sea were examined for changes in physicochemical characteristics as compared to recent wood. The results showed that in waterlogged wood of all species the solubility in 1 % NaOH (8.39-22.85 %) was found to be higher than that of recent wood (3.84-5.57%). Ash content varied between 1.37-7.12% in old wood and was much higher than in fresh wood (0.31-0.65%). Klason lignin in old wood (25.71-72.40%) was higher than in fresh wood (20.31-30.95%) while crystallinity index (12.79-33.69%) was found to be lower than in fresh wood (34.56-40.20%). Increasing lignin content in old wood resulted in reducing the crystallinity index up to 3.1 times.
A kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) plantation grown in N.Greece during the period June±October 1996 provided the raw material for experimental particleboards. After harvesting, the kenaf stems were storaged under shelter for a week, the core of each stem was separated from bark and both were dried at about 20% and 10% moisture content, respectively, and chipped by a hammermill. Kenaf core, bast ®bers and industrial wood chips were mixed in various proportions in order to produce three-layer E2 grade UF bonded particleboards. Kenaf core chips were characterized by a lower slenderness ratio than wood chips of the middle layer. Bulk density of both core chips and ®bers was lower than that of wood chips. Substitution of wood chips with kenaf core chips in the middle layer up to 75% slightly affects static bending and internal bond of the boards, but reduces screw holding strength and increases water absorption and thickness swelling; a 100% substitution deteriorates all properties except static bending. In boards with surface layers from kenaf bast ®bers or from ®bers:wood chips (50:50), static bending and surface roughness are improved, while the other properties tested are deteriorated. Substitution of kenaf core chips in the middle layer with ®bers in proportion 50% negatively affects the board properties except static bending. It can be concluded that core chips and bast ®bers from kenaf stems may substitute industrial wood chips in the middle and surface layers of the boards, respectively, up to 50%.
Versuchsspanplatten aus griechischen Kenaf PlantagenDer Rohstoff fu Èr die Versuchsspanplatten wuchs von Juni bis Oktober 1996 auf einer Kenaf-Plantage (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in N. Griechenland. Nach der Ernte wurden die Kenafstengel fu Èr eine Woche unter Dach gelagert, dann wurde das Holzgewebe im Stengelinneren von der Rindenschicht getrennt, anschliessend auf ca. 20% bzw. 10% Feuchtigkeit getrocknet und beides in einer Hammermu Èhle zerkleinert. Die Herstellung dreischichtiger harnstoffharzverleimter (E 2 Typ) Spanplatten erfolgte unter Verwendung verschiedener Beimischungen aus Kenafholzspa Ènen, Kenaffasern und Industrieholzspa Ènen. Kenafholzspa Ène und Kenaffasern zeichnen sich durch eine niedrigere Streudichte als Industrieholzspa Ène aus; daru È-berhinaus weisen Kenafholzspa Ène einen niedrigeren Schlankheitsgrad auf im Vergleich zu den Mittelschichtspa Ènen der Industrie. Der Ersatz von Industrieholzspa Ènen durch Kenafholzspa Ène in der Plattenmittelschicht bis zu einem Anteil von 75% beeinusst unwesentlich die Biege-, und Querzugfestigkeit der Platten, hat aber eine negative Auswirkung auf das Schraubenhaltevermo Ègen, die Dickenquellung und die Wasseraufnahme; ein Zusatz von 100% Kenafholzspa Ènen zur Mittelschicht bewirkt eine Verschlechterung aller Spanplatteneigenschaften mit Ausnahme der Biegefestigkeit. Spanplatten, deren Deckschichten aus reinen Kenaffasern oder aus einer Beimischung von Kenaffasern und Industrieholzspa Ènen in einem Verha Èltnis von 50:50 bestehen, weisen ho Èhere Qualita Èt bez...
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