Carbon cycle pool-and-flux reasoning is a critical facet of climate literacy. This article begins with discussion of why this type of reasoning is both challenging and important. Results from two studies are reported. The first describes students' approaches to carbon cycle pool-and-flux reasoning. The second describes and reports results from an instructional intervention designed to scaffold secondary students' model-based pool-and-flux reasoning. Before instruction, most secondary students employed informal reasoning approaches including good versus bad and correlation heuristics to carbon cycle pool-and-flux problems. After instruction, the portion of students employing goal model-based pool-and-flux reasoning increased from 27 to 52 percent. This study builds on previous and current research to offer a promising instructional approach to scaffolding improvements in students' model-based pool-and-flux reasoning.

Abstract The Next-Generation Science Standards represent a major shift from learning science content to preparing students to become scientifically literate through inquiry and investigation. This article summarizes the unique opportunities available to develop a biotechnology laboratory course on biofuels that heavily emphasizes scientific practices in a high-school agriscience department in Wisconsin. Through collaborations with universities, federal research facilities, and the surrounding community, students were able to engage in rigorous learning experiences in a sociocultural setting in a manner that maximized their preparation for college and sustainable careers. This example also highlights how effective science teacher professional development and collaboration can allow for improved instructional opportunities in science education while also enabling positive contributions to ongoing scientific research.

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The sale of water is a vital question to every municipality, for the reason that if not properly and fairly sold it becomes a liability to the vendor, be it a private or municipally owned plant. On the other hand, it may become one of the city's greatest assets, if properly sold.The sale of water under the flat rate system is unfair to both the producer and consumer. One consumer is conscientious and uses water judiciously, taking care not to let it run unnecessarily, and attending to leaks which, though small, amount in the aggregate to much. The other type of consumer wastes water by letting it run night and day, sometimes to avoid freezing, at other times for refrigerating purposes; who sprinkles his ~awn and garden without a nozzle on the hose; and who is careless in every respect, knowing that no matter what amount he uses his bill will not be any larger than that of his economical neighbor, and knowing, too, that the city has absolutely no check upon the amount he uses.The waste of water is generally practiced during hot weather and dry spells, when it is essential to husband the supply without crippling the consumer. This waste has a serious effect upon the supply, often necessitating the installation of more wells, machinery and equipment at great expense, which results in a high cost of maintenance and no larger revenue. On the other hand, in a system which is metered, these conditions are changed. To change the system, however, proper ordinances must be passed. The cost of installation is an item of considerable expense, but the expenditure is a good investment, as will be shown by comparison later.Service and not revenue should be uppermost in the minds of the management of a municipal plant. The meter system ought to be and generally is satisfactory to a consumer, and when satisfaction t.o both consumer and producer is established, the results can but spell success.

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