BACKGROUNDSeveral malignancies are known to occur more frequently in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To determine the incidence of prostate carcinoma in men with HIV infection, the authors initiated a prostate carcinoma screening program in a large HIV clinic.METHODSBeginning in February 2002, monitoring of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examination (DRE) were included in the routine annual health maintenance provided to men with HIV infection age ≥ 35 years who were followed in the infectious disease clinic at the Naval Medical Center San Diego. All men with prostate carcinoma in this population over the last 2 years were reviewed. Demographic data (age, ethnicity), duration of HIV infection, laboratory values (CD4 counts and HIV viral load), and medication use were determined by medical record review. Men with elevated PSA levels (levels above age‐adjusted PSA values or PSA velocity ≥ 0.75 ng/mL per year) or abnormal DRE results were referred for urologic evaluation. Comparisons between groups were performed using a logistic regression model and the Fisher exact test. Multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression to determine relations between prostate carcinoma and patient characteristics.RESULTSTwo hundred sixty‐nine men age ≥ 35 years (mean age, 43.4 years; range, 35–72years) underwent prostate carcinoma screening by DRE, and 216 men also received PSA testing. Overall, 56.3% of the patients were white, 28.7% were African American, and 15% were of other racial ethnicity. Of the 216 men, 7 (3.2%) had elevated PSA values, and none had abnormal DRE results. Three patients were diagnosed with prostatitis (PSA range, 3.3–25.7 ng/mL), and 1 patient had high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, which was determined after a biopsy was performed. Repeat PSA evaluations were within normal limits for the remaining three patients. Review of the cohort during the 2‐year period before the current study was initiated revealed 5 additional cases of prostate neoplasia. Prostate carcinoma was common (4 of 11 men, 36.4%) in men age > 60 years and occurred with relatively preserved CD4 counts (mean, 509 cells/mm3). In multivariate analysis, African‐American race (P = 0.020) and duration of HIV infection (P = 0.047) were found to be associated with the development of prostate carcinoma.CONCLUSIONSProstate carcinoma screening identified abnormal PSA values in 3.2% of the HIV‐positive cohort, many associated with prostatitis. Prostate carcinoma was common in older men and was associated with duration of HIV infection. As the life expectancy of men with HIV infection increases, prostate carcinoma screening will become increasingly important in this population. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.

We here report the responses of African bush elephants (Loxodonta africana) to a crude approximation of the honeybee alarm pheromone blend. We show that the elephants had an avoidance response to the semiochemical blend. The use of honeybee alarm pheromones to manage elephant movements in a non-invasive manner, using natural cues to which elephants may have an evolved response, holds potential for development of new options for an integrated system for elephant movement management and protection.

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We developed a pictorial atlas of 52 scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of hairs found on 12 mammalian game species commonly found in the South African lowveld. Guard hairs were taken from the dorsoscapular, scapular, sternal, or axillary regions of each animal; and bristle hairs, if present, were collected from the manes of animals of each species. These images, along with other diagnostic features of hairs, can be used as an identification system. Such a system is useful for ecological studies where identifying animal remains is necessary.

Many studies of wildlife poaching acknowledge the challenges of detecting poaching activities, but few address the issue. Data on poaching may be an inaccurate reflection of the true spatial distribution of events because of low detection rates. The deployment of conservation and law enforcement resources based on biased data could be ineffective or lead to unintended outcomes. Here, we present a rigorous method for estimating the probabilities of detecting poaching and for evaluating different patrol strategies. We illustrate the method with a case study in which imitation snares were set in a private nature reserve in South Africa. By using an experimental design with a known spatial distribution of imitation snares, we estimated the detection probability of the current patrol strategy used in the reserve and compared it to three alternative patrol strategies: spatially focused patrols, patrols with independent observers, and systematic search patterns. Although detection probabilities were generally low, the highest proportion of imitation snares was detected with systematic search strategies. Our study provides baseline data on the probability of detecting snares used for poaching, and presents a method that can be modified for use in other regions and for other types of wildlife poaching.