Both awake and asleep IL offer comparable VRQOL results. Although having the benefit of avoiding general anesthesia, IL in the awake patient has a slightly higher complication rate.

The use of catheter-based techniques for the treatment of BTS occlusion is highly successful, and potentially avoids high-risk re-operative intervention. ECMO can provide for a stable patient during the procedure. Hopefully, with improved technology and innovative procedures, more children in the future with BTS occlusion can be served by successful percutaneous intervention.

The diagnosis of SD during examination is based primarily on auditory cues. Viewing combined audio and video clips afforded no change in diagnostic accuracy compared with audio alone. Laryngoscopy serves an important role in the diagnosis of SD by excluding other pathologic causes and identifying vocal tremor.

This is the first reported case of orbital violation with placement of an ethmoid drug-eluting stent. The literature shows feasibility in cadaveric studies but the practitioner must be diligent in placement. Ethmoid sinus stenting is an option for topical treatment of ethmoid sinusitis but practitioners must be cognizant of potential risks when counseling patients.

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